renderer_vulkan: Rewrite descriptor set management and various small fixes (#77)

* renderer_vulkan: Remove vulkan prefix in SetObjectName

* renderer_vulkan: Rename renderpass cache to render manager

* It is no longer just a cache

* renderer_vulkan: Rewrite descriptor management

* Switch to batched vkUpdateDescriptorSets from cached descriptor sets with templates

* vk_master_semaphore: Remove waitable atomic

* These are buggy on some platforms and regular condition_variables are faster most of the time

* vk_texture_runtime.cpp: remove outdated references

* vk_render_manager: Minor cleanups and rename to RenderManager

* It is no longer just a renderpass cache
* Revert variable name change from render_manager back to renderpass_cache

---------

Co-authored-by: GPUCode <geoster3d@gmail.com>

externals/vulkan-headers

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 217e93c664ec6704ec2d8c36fa116c1a4a1e2d40
+Subproject commit 5a5c9a643484d888873e32c5d7d484fae8e71d3d

src/video_core/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ if (ENABLE_VULKAN)
         renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_helper.h
         renderer_vulkan/vk_common.cpp
         renderer_vulkan/vk_common.h
-        renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_pool.cpp
+        renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_update_queue.cpp
-        renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_pool.h
+        renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_update_queue.h
         renderer_vulkan/vk_graphics_pipeline.cpp
         renderer_vulkan/vk_graphics_pipeline.h
         renderer_vulkan/vk_master_semaphore.cpp
@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ if (ENABLE_VULKAN)
         renderer_vulkan/vk_platform.h
         renderer_vulkan/vk_present_window.cpp
         renderer_vulkan/vk_present_window.h
-        renderer_vulkan/vk_renderpass_cache.cpp
+        renderer_vulkan/vk_render_manager.cpp
-        renderer_vulkan/vk_renderpass_cache.h
+        renderer_vulkan/vk_render_manager.h
         renderer_vulkan/vk_shader_util.cpp
         renderer_vulkan/vk_shader_util.h
         renderer_vulkan/vk_stream_buffer.cpp

src/video_core/custom_textures/custom_tex_manager.cpp

@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ std::vector<FileUtil::FSTEntry> CustomTexManager::GetTextures(u64 title_id) {
 }
 
 void CustomTexManager::CreateWorkers() {
-    const std::size_t num_workers = std::max(std::thread::hardware_concurrency(), 2U) - 1;
+    const std::size_t num_workers = std::max(std::thread::hardware_concurrency(), 2U) >> 1;
     workers = std::make_unique<Common::ThreadWorker>(num_workers, "Custom textures");
 }
 

src/video_core/pica/regs_texturing.h

@@ -176,15 +176,15 @@ struct TexturingRegs {
     INSERT_PADDING_WORDS(0x9);
 
     struct FullTextureConfig {
-        const bool enabled;
+        const u32 enabled;
         const TextureConfig config;
         const TextureFormat format;
     };
     const std::array<FullTextureConfig, 3> GetTextures() const {
         return {{
-            {static_cast<bool>(main_config.texture0_enable), texture0, texture0_format},
+            {main_config.texture0_enable, texture0, texture0_format},
-            {static_cast<bool>(main_config.texture1_enable), texture1, texture1_format},
+            {main_config.texture1_enable, texture1, texture1_format},
-            {static_cast<bool>(main_config.texture2_enable), texture2, texture2_format},
+            {main_config.texture2_enable, texture2, texture2_format},
         }};
     }
 

src/video_core/rasterizer_cache/rasterizer_cache.h

@@ -600,14 +600,43 @@ typename T::Surface& RasterizerCache<T>::GetTextureCube(const TextureCubeConfig&
     auto [it, new_surface] = texture_cube_cache.try_emplace(config);
     TextureCube& cube = it->second;
 
+    const std::array addresses = {config.px, config.nx, config.py, config.ny, config.pz, config.nz};
+
     if (new_surface) {
+        Pica::Texture::TextureInfo info = {
+            .width = config.width,
+            .height = config.width,
+            .format = config.format,
+        };
+        info.SetDefaultStride();
+
+        u32 res_scale = 1;
+        for (u32 i = 0; i < addresses.size(); i++) {
+            if (!addresses[i]) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            SurfaceId& face_id = cube.face_ids[i];
+            if (!face_id) {
+                info.physical_address = addresses[i];
+                face_id = GetTextureSurface(info, config.levels - 1);
+                Surface& surface = slot_surfaces[face_id];
+                ASSERT_MSG(
+                    surface.levels >= config.levels,
+                    "Texture cube face levels are not enough to validate the levels requested");
+                surface.flags |= SurfaceFlagBits::Tracked;
+            }
+            Surface& surface = slot_surfaces[face_id];
+            res_scale = std::max(surface.res_scale, res_scale);
+        }
+
         SurfaceParams cube_params = {
             .addr = config.px,
             .width = config.width,
             .height = config.width,
             .stride = config.width,
             .levels = config.levels,
-            .res_scale = filter != Settings::TextureFilter::None ? resolution_scale_factor : 1,
+            .res_scale = res_scale,
             .texture_type = TextureType::CubeMap,
             .pixel_format = PixelFormatFromTextureFormat(config.format),
             .type = SurfaceType::Texture,
@@ -616,38 +645,20 @@ typename T::Surface& RasterizerCache<T>::GetTextureCube(const TextureCubeConfig&
         cube.surface_id = CreateSurface(cube_params);
     }
 
-    const u32 scaled_size = slot_surfaces[cube.surface_id].GetScaledWidth();
+    Surface& cube_surface = slot_surfaces[cube.surface_id];
-    const std::array addresses = {config.px, config.nx, config.py, config.ny, config.pz, config.nz};
-
-    Pica::Texture::TextureInfo info = {
-        .width = config.width,
-        .height = config.width,
-        .format = config.format,
-    };
-    info.SetDefaultStride();
-
     for (u32 i = 0; i < addresses.size(); i++) {
         if (!addresses[i]) {
             continue;
         }
-
+        Surface& surface = slot_surfaces[cube.face_ids[i]];
-        SurfaceId& face_id = cube.face_ids[i];
-        if (!face_id) {
-            info.physical_address = addresses[i];
-            face_id = GetTextureSurface(info, config.levels - 1);
-            ASSERT_MSG(slot_surfaces[face_id].levels >= config.levels,
-                       "Texture cube face levels are not enough to validate the levels requested");
-        }
-        Surface& surface = slot_surfaces[face_id];
-        surface.flags |= SurfaceFlagBits::Tracked;
         if (cube.ticks[i] == surface.modification_tick) {
             continue;
         }
         cube.ticks[i] = surface.modification_tick;
-        Surface& cube_surface = slot_surfaces[cube.surface_id];
+        boost::container::small_vector<TextureCopy, 8> upload_copies;
         for (u32 level = 0; level < config.levels; level++) {
-            const u32 width_lod = scaled_size >> level;
+            const u32 width_lod = surface.GetScaledWidth() >> level;
-            const TextureCopy texture_copy = {
+            upload_copies.push_back({
                 .src_level = level,
                 .dst_level = level,
                 .src_layer = 0,
@@ -655,9 +666,9 @@ typename T::Surface& RasterizerCache<T>::GetTextureCube(const TextureCubeConfig&
                 .src_offset = {0, 0},
                 .dst_offset = {0, 0},
                 .extent = {width_lod, width_lod},
-            };
+            });
-            runtime.CopyTextures(surface, cube_surface, texture_copy);
         }
+        runtime.CopyTextures(surface, cube_surface, upload_copies);
     }
 
     return slot_surfaces[cube.surface_id];

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_texture_runtime.cpp

@@ -260,16 +260,19 @@ void TextureRuntime::ClearTexture(Surface& surface, const VideoCore::TextureClea
 }
 
 bool TextureRuntime::CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
-                                  const VideoCore::TextureCopy& copy) {
+                                  std::span<const VideoCore::TextureCopy> copies) {
     const GLenum src_textarget = source.texture_type == VideoCore::TextureType::CubeMap
                                      ? GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP
                                      : GL_TEXTURE_2D;
     const GLenum dest_textarget =
         dest.texture_type == VideoCore::TextureType::CubeMap ? GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP : GL_TEXTURE_2D;
-    glCopyImageSubData(source.Handle(), src_textarget, copy.src_level, copy.src_offset.x,
+
-                       copy.src_offset.y, copy.src_layer, dest.Handle(), dest_textarget,
+    for (const auto& copy : copies) {
-                       copy.dst_level, copy.dst_offset.x, copy.dst_offset.y, copy.dst_layer,
+        glCopyImageSubData(source.Handle(), src_textarget, copy.src_level, copy.src_offset.x,
-                       copy.extent.width, copy.extent.height, 1);
+                           copy.src_offset.y, copy.src_layer, dest.Handle(), dest_textarget,
+                           copy.dst_level, copy.dst_offset.x, copy.dst_offset.y, copy.dst_layer,
+                           copy.extent.width, copy.extent.height, 1);
+    }
     return true;
 }
 

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_texture_runtime.h

@@ -65,7 +65,12 @@ public:
     void ClearTexture(Surface& surface, const VideoCore::TextureClear& clear);
 
     /// Copies a rectangle of source to another rectange of dest
-    bool CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest, const VideoCore::TextureCopy& copy);
+    bool CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
+                      std::span<const VideoCore::TextureCopy> copies);
+
+    bool CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest, const VideoCore::TextureCopy& copy) {
+        return CopyTextures(source, dest, std::array{copy});
+    }
 
     /// Blits a rectangle of source to another rectange of dest
     bool BlitTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest, const VideoCore::TextureBlit& blit);

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.cpp

@@ -54,21 +54,14 @@ RendererVulkan::RendererVulkan(Core::System& system, Pica::PicaCore& pica_,
                                Frontend::EmuWindow& window, Frontend::EmuWindow* secondary_window)
     : RendererBase{system, window, secondary_window}, memory{system.Memory()}, pica{pica_},
       instance{window, Settings::values.physical_device.GetValue()}, scheduler{instance},
-      renderpass_cache{instance, scheduler}, pool{instance}, main_window{window, instance,
+      renderpass_cache{instance, scheduler}, main_window{window, instance, scheduler},
-                                                                         scheduler},
       vertex_buffer{instance, scheduler, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eVertexBuffer,
                     VERTEX_BUFFER_SIZE},
-      rasterizer{memory,
+      update_queue{instance},
-                 pica,
+      rasterizer{
-                 system.CustomTexManager(),
+          memory,   pica,      system.CustomTexManager(), *this,        render_window,
-                 *this,
+          instance, scheduler, renderpass_cache,          update_queue, main_window.ImageCount()},
-                 render_window,
+      present_heap{instance, scheduler.GetMasterSemaphore(), PRESENT_BINDINGS, 32} {
-                 instance,
-                 scheduler,
-                 pool,
-                 renderpass_cache,
-                 main_window.ImageCount()},
-      present_set_provider{instance, pool, PRESENT_BINDINGS} {
     CompileShaders();
     BuildLayouts();
     BuildPipelines();
@@ -127,16 +120,14 @@ void RendererVulkan::PrepareRendertarget() {
 
 void RendererVulkan::PrepareDraw(Frame* frame, const Layout::FramebufferLayout& layout) {
     const auto sampler = present_samplers[!Settings::values.filter_mode.GetValue()];
-    std::transform(screen_infos.begin(), screen_infos.end(), present_textures.begin(),
+    const auto present_set = present_heap.Commit();
-                   [&](auto& info) {
+    for (u32 index = 0; index < screen_infos.size(); index++) {
-                       return DescriptorData{vk::DescriptorImageInfo{sampler, info.image_view,
+        update_queue.AddImageSampler(present_set, 0, index, screen_infos[index].image_view,
-                                                                     vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral}};
+                                     sampler);
-                   });
+    }
-
-    const auto descriptor_set = present_set_provider.Acquire(present_textures);
 
     renderpass_cache.EndRendering();
-    scheduler.Record([this, layout, frame, descriptor_set, renderpass = main_window.Renderpass(),
+    scheduler.Record([this, layout, frame, present_set, renderpass = main_window.Renderpass(),
                       index = current_pipeline](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
         const vk::Viewport viewport = {
             .x = 0.0f,
@@ -171,7 +162,7 @@ void RendererVulkan::PrepareDraw(Frame* frame, const Layout::FramebufferLayout&
 
         cmdbuf.beginRenderPass(renderpass_begin_info, vk::SubpassContents::eInline);
         cmdbuf.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, present_pipelines[index]);
-        cmdbuf.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, layout, 0, descriptor_set, {});
+        cmdbuf.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, layout, 0, present_set, {});
     });
 }
 
@@ -264,7 +255,7 @@ void RendererVulkan::BuildLayouts() {
         .size = sizeof(PresentUniformData),
     };
 
-    const auto descriptor_set_layout = present_set_provider.Layout();
+    const auto descriptor_set_layout = present_heap.Layout();
     const vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo layout_info = {
         .setLayoutCount = 1,
         .pSetLayouts = &descriptor_set_layout,
@@ -809,29 +800,7 @@ void RendererVulkan::DrawScreens(Frame* frame, const Layout::FramebufferLayout&
         }
     }
 
-    scheduler.Record([image = frame->image](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
+    scheduler.Record([](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) { cmdbuf.endRenderPass(); });
-        const vk::ImageMemoryBarrier render_barrier = {
-            .srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eColorAttachmentWrite,
-            .dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferRead,
-            .oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal,
-            .newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal,
-            .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-            .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-            .image = image,
-            .subresourceRange{
-                .aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
-                .baseMipLevel = 0,
-                .levelCount = 1,
-                .baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                .layerCount = VK_REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS,
-            },
-        };
-
-        cmdbuf.endRenderPass();
-        cmdbuf.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput,
-                               vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer,
-                               vk::DependencyFlagBits::eByRegion, {}, {}, render_barrier);
-    });
 }
 
 void RendererVulkan::SwapBuffers() {

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/renderer_vulkan.h

@@ -7,11 +7,10 @@
 #include "common/common_types.h"
 #include "common/math_util.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_base.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_pool.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_instance.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_present_window.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_rasterizer.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_renderpass_cache.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_render_manager.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_scheduler.h"
 
 namespace Core {
@@ -118,15 +117,15 @@ private:
 
     Instance instance;
     Scheduler scheduler;
-    RenderpassCache renderpass_cache;
+    RenderManager renderpass_cache;
-    DescriptorPool pool;
     PresentWindow main_window;
     StreamBuffer vertex_buffer;
+    DescriptorUpdateQueue update_queue;
     RasterizerVulkan rasterizer;
     std::unique_ptr<PresentWindow> second_window;
 
+    DescriptorHeap present_heap;
     vk::UniquePipelineLayout present_pipeline_layout;
-    DescriptorSetProvider present_set_provider;
     std::array<vk::Pipeline, PRESENT_PIPELINES> present_pipelines;
     std::array<vk::ShaderModule, PRESENT_PIPELINES> present_shaders;
     std::array<vk::Sampler, 2> present_samplers;
@@ -134,7 +133,6 @@ private:
     u32 current_pipeline = 0;
 
     std::array<ScreenInfo, 3> screen_infos{};
-    std::array<DescriptorData, 3> present_textures{};
     PresentUniformData draw_info{};
     vk::ClearColorValue clear_color{};
 };

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_helper.cpp

@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@
 
 #include "common/vector_math.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_helper.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_update_queue.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_instance.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_renderpass_cache.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_render_manager.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_scheduler.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_shader_util.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_texture_runtime.h"
@@ -177,12 +178,13 @@ constexpr vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo MakeStages(vk::ShaderModule compute_
 
 } // Anonymous namespace
 
-BlitHelper::BlitHelper(const Instance& instance_, Scheduler& scheduler_, DescriptorPool& pool,
+BlitHelper::BlitHelper(const Instance& instance_, Scheduler& scheduler_,
-                       RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache_)
+                       RenderManager& renderpass_cache_, DescriptorUpdateQueue& update_queue_)
     : instance{instance_}, scheduler{scheduler_}, renderpass_cache{renderpass_cache_},
-      device{instance.GetDevice()}, compute_provider{instance, pool, COMPUTE_BINDINGS},
+      update_queue{update_queue_}, device{instance.GetDevice()},
-      compute_buffer_provider{instance, pool, COMPUTE_BUFFER_BINDINGS},
+      compute_provider{instance, scheduler.GetMasterSemaphore(), COMPUTE_BINDINGS},
-      two_textures_provider{instance, pool, TWO_TEXTURES_BINDINGS},
+      compute_buffer_provider{instance, scheduler.GetMasterSemaphore(), COMPUTE_BUFFER_BINDINGS},
+      two_textures_provider{instance, scheduler.GetMasterSemaphore(), TWO_TEXTURES_BINDINGS, 16},
       compute_pipeline_layout{
           device.createPipelineLayout(PipelineLayoutCreateInfo(&compute_provider.Layout(), true))},
       compute_buffer_pipeline_layout{device.createPipelineLayout(
@@ -286,19 +288,9 @@ bool BlitHelper::BlitDepthStencil(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
         .extent = {dest.GetScaledWidth(), dest.GetScaledHeight()},
     };
 
-    std::array<DescriptorData, 2> textures{};
+    const auto descriptor_set = two_textures_provider.Commit();
-    textures[0].image_info = vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
+    update_queue.AddImageSampler(descriptor_set, 0, 0, source.DepthView(), nearest_sampler);
-        .sampler = nearest_sampler,
+    update_queue.AddImageSampler(descriptor_set, 1, 0, source.StencilView(), nearest_sampler);
-        .imageView = source.DepthView(),
-        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral,
-    };
-    textures[1].image_info = vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
-        .sampler = nearest_sampler,
-        .imageView = source.StencilView(),
-        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral,
-    };
-
-    const auto descriptor_set = two_textures_provider.Acquire(textures);
 
     const RenderPass depth_pass = {
         .framebuffer = dest.Framebuffer(),
@@ -322,21 +314,12 @@ bool BlitHelper::BlitDepthStencil(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
 
 bool BlitHelper::ConvertDS24S8ToRGBA8(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
                                       const VideoCore::TextureCopy& copy) {
-    std::array<DescriptorData, 3> textures{};
+    const auto descriptor_set = compute_provider.Commit();
-    textures[0].image_info = vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
+    update_queue.AddImageSampler(descriptor_set, 0, 0, source.DepthView(), VK_NULL_HANDLE,
-        .imageView = source.DepthView(),
+                                 vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilReadOnlyOptimal);
-        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilReadOnlyOptimal,
+    update_queue.AddImageSampler(descriptor_set, 1, 0, source.StencilView(), VK_NULL_HANDLE,
-    };
+                                 vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilReadOnlyOptimal);
-    textures[1].image_info = vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
+    update_queue.AddStorageImage(descriptor_set, 2, dest.ImageView());
-        .imageView = source.StencilView(),
-        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilReadOnlyOptimal,
-    };
-    textures[2].image_info = vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
-        .imageView = dest.ImageView(),
-        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral,
-    };
-
-    const auto descriptor_set = compute_provider.Acquire(textures);
 
     renderpass_cache.EndRendering();
     scheduler.Record([this, descriptor_set, copy, src_image = source.Image(),
@@ -442,24 +425,13 @@ bool BlitHelper::ConvertDS24S8ToRGBA8(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
 
 bool BlitHelper::DepthToBuffer(Surface& source, vk::Buffer buffer,
                                const VideoCore::BufferTextureCopy& copy) {
-    std::array<DescriptorData, 3> textures{};
+    const auto descriptor_set = compute_buffer_provider.Commit();
-    textures[0].image_info = vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
+    update_queue.AddImageSampler(descriptor_set, 0, 0, source.DepthView(), nearest_sampler,
-        .sampler = nearest_sampler,
+                                 vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilReadOnlyOptimal);
-        .imageView = source.DepthView(),
+    update_queue.AddImageSampler(descriptor_set, 1, 0, source.StencilView(), nearest_sampler,
-        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilReadOnlyOptimal,
+                                 vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilReadOnlyOptimal);
-    };
+    update_queue.AddBuffer(descriptor_set, 2, buffer, copy.buffer_offset, copy.buffer_size,
-    textures[1].image_info = vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
+                           vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer);
-        .sampler = nearest_sampler,
-        .imageView = source.StencilView(),
-        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilReadOnlyOptimal,
-    };
-    textures[2].buffer_info = vk::DescriptorBufferInfo{
-        .buffer = buffer,
-        .offset = copy.buffer_offset,
-        .range = copy.buffer_size,
-    };
-
-    const auto descriptor_set = compute_buffer_provider.Acquire(textures);
 
     renderpass_cache.EndRendering();
     scheduler.Record([this, descriptor_set, copy, src_image = source.Image(),

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_blit_helper.h

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_pool.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_resource_pool.h"
 
 namespace VideoCore {
 struct TextureBlit;
@@ -15,16 +15,17 @@ struct BufferTextureCopy;
 namespace Vulkan {
 
 class Instance;
-class RenderpassCache;
+class RenderManager;
 class Scheduler;
 class Surface;
+class DescriptorUpdateQueue;
 
 class BlitHelper {
     friend class TextureRuntime;
 
 public:
-    BlitHelper(const Instance& instance, Scheduler& scheduler, DescriptorPool& pool,
+    explicit BlitHelper(const Instance& instance, Scheduler& scheduler,
-               RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache);
+                        RenderManager& renderpass_cache, DescriptorUpdateQueue& update_queue);
     ~BlitHelper();
 
     bool BlitDepthStencil(Surface& source, Surface& dest, const VideoCore::TextureBlit& blit);
@@ -41,14 +42,15 @@ private:
 private:
     const Instance& instance;
     Scheduler& scheduler;
-    RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache;
+    RenderManager& renderpass_cache;
+    DescriptorUpdateQueue& update_queue;
 
     vk::Device device;
     vk::RenderPass r32_renderpass;
 
-    DescriptorSetProvider compute_provider;
+    DescriptorHeap compute_provider;
-    DescriptorSetProvider compute_buffer_provider;
+    DescriptorHeap compute_buffer_provider;
-    DescriptorSetProvider two_textures_provider;
+    DescriptorHeap two_textures_provider;
     vk::PipelineLayout compute_pipeline_layout;
     vk::PipelineLayout compute_buffer_pipeline_layout;
     vk::PipelineLayout two_textures_pipeline_layout;

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_common.h

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 #define VK_NO_PROTOTYPES
 #define VULKAN_HPP_DISPATCH_LOADER_DYNAMIC 1
 #define VULKAN_HPP_NO_CONSTRUCTORS
-#define VULKAN_HPP_NO_UNION_CONSTRUCTORS
 #define VULKAN_HPP_NO_STRUCT_SETTERS
 #include <vulkan/vulkan.hpp>
 

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_pool.cpp

@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Citra Emulator Project
-// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
-// Refer to the license.txt file included.
-
-#include "common/microprofile.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_pool.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_instance.h"
-
-namespace Vulkan {
-
-MICROPROFILE_DEFINE(Vulkan_DescriptorSetAcquire, "Vulkan", "Descriptor Set Acquire",
-                    MP_RGB(64, 128, 256));
-
-constexpr u32 MAX_BATCH_SIZE = 8;
-
-DescriptorPool::DescriptorPool(const Instance& instance_) : instance{instance_} {
-    auto& pool = pools.emplace_back();
-    pool = CreatePool();
-}
-
-DescriptorPool::~DescriptorPool() = default;
-
-std::vector<vk::DescriptorSet> DescriptorPool::Allocate(vk::DescriptorSetLayout layout,
-                                                        u32 num_sets) {
-    std::array<vk::DescriptorSetLayout, MAX_BATCH_SIZE> layouts;
-    layouts.fill(layout);
-
-    u32 current_pool = 0;
-    vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo alloc_info = {
-        .descriptorPool = *pools[current_pool],
-        .descriptorSetCount = num_sets,
-        .pSetLayouts = layouts.data(),
-    };
-
-    while (true) {
-        try {
-            return instance.GetDevice().allocateDescriptorSets(alloc_info);
-        } catch (const vk::OutOfPoolMemoryError&) {
-            current_pool++;
-            if (current_pool == pools.size()) {
-                LOG_INFO(Render_Vulkan, "Run out of pools, creating new one!");
-                auto& pool = pools.emplace_back();
-                pool = CreatePool();
-            }
-            alloc_info.descriptorPool = *pools[current_pool];
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-vk::DescriptorSet DescriptorPool::Allocate(vk::DescriptorSetLayout layout) {
-    const auto sets = Allocate(layout, 1);
-    return sets[0];
-}
-
-vk::UniqueDescriptorPool DescriptorPool::CreatePool() {
-    // Choose a sane pool size good for most games
-    static constexpr std::array<vk::DescriptorPoolSize, 6> pool_sizes = {{
-        {vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBufferDynamic, 64},
-        {vk::DescriptorType::eUniformTexelBuffer, 64},
-        {vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler, 4096},
-        {vk::DescriptorType::eSampledImage, 256},
-        {vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage, 256},
-        {vk::DescriptorType::eStorageBuffer, 32},
-    }};
-
-    const vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptor_pool_info = {
-        .maxSets = 4098,
-        .poolSizeCount = static_cast<u32>(pool_sizes.size()),
-        .pPoolSizes = pool_sizes.data(),
-    };
-
-    return instance.GetDevice().createDescriptorPoolUnique(descriptor_pool_info);
-}
-
-DescriptorSetProvider::DescriptorSetProvider(
-    const Instance& instance, DescriptorPool& pool_,
-    std::span<const vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding> bindings)
-    : pool{pool_}, device{instance.GetDevice()} {
-    std::array<vk::DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry, MAX_DESCRIPTORS> update_entries;
-
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < bindings.size(); i++) {
-        update_entries[i] = vk::DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry{
-            .dstBinding = bindings[i].binding,
-            .dstArrayElement = 0,
-            .descriptorCount = bindings[i].descriptorCount,
-            .descriptorType = bindings[i].descriptorType,
-            .offset = i * sizeof(DescriptorData),
-            .stride = sizeof(DescriptorData),
-        };
-    }
-
-    const vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layout_info = {
-        .bindingCount = static_cast<u32>(bindings.size()),
-        .pBindings = bindings.data(),
-    };
-    layout = device.createDescriptorSetLayoutUnique(layout_info);
-
-    const vk::DescriptorUpdateTemplateCreateInfo template_info = {
-        .descriptorUpdateEntryCount = static_cast<u32>(bindings.size()),
-        .pDescriptorUpdateEntries = update_entries.data(),
-        .templateType = vk::DescriptorUpdateTemplateType::eDescriptorSet,
-        .descriptorSetLayout = *layout,
-    };
-    update_template = device.createDescriptorUpdateTemplateUnique(template_info);
-}
-
-DescriptorSetProvider::~DescriptorSetProvider() = default;
-
-vk::DescriptorSet DescriptorSetProvider::Acquire(std::span<const DescriptorData> data) {
-    MICROPROFILE_SCOPE(Vulkan_DescriptorSetAcquire);
-    DescriptorSetData key{};
-    std::memcpy(key.data(), data.data(), data.size_bytes());
-    const auto [it, new_set] = descriptor_set_map.try_emplace(key);
-    if (!new_set) {
-        return it->second;
-    }
-    if (free_sets.empty()) {
-        free_sets = pool.Allocate(*layout, MAX_BATCH_SIZE);
-    }
-    it.value() = free_sets.back();
-    free_sets.pop_back();
-    device.updateDescriptorSetWithTemplate(it->second, *update_template, data[0]);
-    return it->second;
-}
-
-void DescriptorSetProvider::FreeWithImage(vk::ImageView image_view) {
-    for (auto it = descriptor_set_map.begin(); it != descriptor_set_map.end();) {
-        const auto& [data, set] = *it;
-        const bool has_image = std::any_of(data.begin(), data.end(), [image_view](auto& info) {
-            return info.image_info.imageView == image_view;
-        });
-        if (has_image) {
-            free_sets.push_back(set);
-            it = descriptor_set_map.erase(it);
-        } else {
-            it++;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-} // namespace Vulkan

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_pool.h

@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Citra Emulator Project
-// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
-// Refer to the license.txt file included.
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <span>
-#include <vector>
-#include <tsl/robin_map.h>
-
-#include "common/hash.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_common.h"
-
-namespace Vulkan {
-
-class Instance;
-
-constexpr u32 MAX_DESCRIPTORS = 7;
-
-union DescriptorData {
-    vk::DescriptorImageInfo image_info;
-    vk::DescriptorBufferInfo buffer_info;
-    vk::BufferView buffer_view;
-
-    bool operator==(const DescriptorData& other) const noexcept {
-        return std::memcmp(this, &other, sizeof(DescriptorData)) == 0;
-    }
-};
-
-using DescriptorSetData = std::array<DescriptorData, MAX_DESCRIPTORS>;
-
-struct DataHasher {
-    u64 operator()(const DescriptorSetData& data) const noexcept {
-        return Common::ComputeHash64(data.data(), sizeof(data));
-    }
-};
-
-/**
- * An interface for allocating descriptor sets that manages a collection of descriptor pools.
- */
-class DescriptorPool {
-public:
-    explicit DescriptorPool(const Instance& instance);
-    ~DescriptorPool();
-
-    std::vector<vk::DescriptorSet> Allocate(vk::DescriptorSetLayout layout, u32 num_sets);
-
-    vk::DescriptorSet Allocate(vk::DescriptorSetLayout layout);
-
-private:
-    vk::UniqueDescriptorPool CreatePool();
-
-private:
-    const Instance& instance;
-    std::vector<vk::UniqueDescriptorPool> pools;
-};
-
-/**
- * Allocates and caches descriptor sets of a specific layout.
- */
-class DescriptorSetProvider {
-public:
-    explicit DescriptorSetProvider(const Instance& instance, DescriptorPool& pool,
-                                   std::span<const vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding> bindings);
-    ~DescriptorSetProvider();
-
-    vk::DescriptorSet Acquire(std::span<const DescriptorData> data);
-
-    void FreeWithImage(vk::ImageView image_view);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] vk::DescriptorSetLayout Layout() const noexcept {
-        return *layout;
-    }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] vk::DescriptorSetLayout& Layout() noexcept {
-        return layout.get();
-    }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] vk::DescriptorUpdateTemplate UpdateTemplate() const noexcept {
-        return *update_template;
-    }
-
-private:
-    DescriptorPool& pool;
-    vk::Device device;
-    vk::UniqueDescriptorSetLayout layout;
-    vk::UniqueDescriptorUpdateTemplate update_template;
-    std::vector<vk::DescriptorSet> free_sets;
-    tsl::robin_map<DescriptorSetData, vk::DescriptorSet, DataHasher> descriptor_set_map;
-};
-
-} // namespace Vulkan

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_update_queue.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// Copyright 2024 Citra Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_update_queue.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_instance.h"
+
+namespace Vulkan {
+
+DescriptorUpdateQueue::DescriptorUpdateQueue(const Instance& instance, u32 descriptor_write_max_)
+    : device{instance.GetDevice()}, descriptor_write_max{descriptor_write_max_} {
+    descriptor_infos = std::make_unique<DescriptorInfoUnion[]>(descriptor_write_max);
+    descriptor_writes = std::make_unique<vk::WriteDescriptorSet[]>(descriptor_write_max);
+}
+
+void DescriptorUpdateQueue::Flush() {
+    if (descriptor_write_end == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+    device.updateDescriptorSets({std::span(descriptor_writes.get(), descriptor_write_end)}, {});
+    descriptor_write_end = 0;
+}
+
+void DescriptorUpdateQueue::AddStorageImage(vk::DescriptorSet target, u8 binding,
+                                            vk::ImageView image_view,
+                                            vk::ImageLayout image_layout) {
+    if (descriptor_write_end >= descriptor_write_max) [[unlikely]] {
+        Flush();
+    }
+
+    auto& image_info = descriptor_infos[descriptor_write_end].image_info;
+    image_info.sampler = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    image_info.imageView = image_view;
+    image_info.imageLayout = image_layout;
+
+    descriptor_writes[descriptor_write_end++] = vk::WriteDescriptorSet{
+        .dstSet = target,
+        .dstBinding = binding,
+        .dstArrayElement = 0,
+        .descriptorCount = 1,
+        .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage,
+        .pImageInfo = &image_info,
+    };
+}
+
+void DescriptorUpdateQueue::AddImageSampler(vk::DescriptorSet target, u8 binding, u8 array_index,
+                                            vk::ImageView image_view, vk::Sampler sampler,
+                                            vk::ImageLayout image_layout) {
+    if (descriptor_write_end >= descriptor_write_max) [[unlikely]] {
+        Flush();
+    }
+
+    auto& image_info = descriptor_infos[descriptor_write_end].image_info;
+    image_info.sampler = sampler;
+    image_info.imageView = image_view;
+    image_info.imageLayout = image_layout;
+
+    descriptor_writes[descriptor_write_end++] = vk::WriteDescriptorSet{
+        .dstSet = target,
+        .dstBinding = binding,
+        .dstArrayElement = array_index,
+        .descriptorCount = 1,
+        .descriptorType =
+            sampler ? vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler : vk::DescriptorType::eSampledImage,
+        .pImageInfo = &image_info,
+    };
+}
+
+void DescriptorUpdateQueue::AddBuffer(vk::DescriptorSet target, u8 binding, vk::Buffer buffer,
+                                      vk::DeviceSize offset, vk::DeviceSize size,
+                                      vk::DescriptorType type) {
+    if (descriptor_write_end >= descriptor_write_max) [[unlikely]] {
+        Flush();
+    }
+
+    auto& buffer_info = descriptor_infos[descriptor_write_end].buffer_info;
+    buffer_info.buffer = buffer;
+    buffer_info.offset = offset;
+    buffer_info.range = size;
+
+    descriptor_writes[descriptor_write_end++] = vk::WriteDescriptorSet{
+        .dstSet = target,
+        .dstBinding = binding,
+        .dstArrayElement = 0,
+        .descriptorCount = 1,
+        .descriptorType = type,
+        .pBufferInfo = &buffer_info,
+    };
+}
+
+void DescriptorUpdateQueue::AddTexelBuffer(vk::DescriptorSet target, u8 binding,
+                                           vk::BufferView buffer_view) {
+    if (descriptor_write_end >= descriptor_write_max) [[unlikely]] {
+        Flush();
+    }
+
+    auto& buffer_info = descriptor_infos[descriptor_write_end].buffer_view;
+    buffer_info = buffer_view;
+    descriptor_writes[descriptor_write_end++] = vk::WriteDescriptorSet{
+        .dstSet = target,
+        .dstBinding = binding,
+        .dstArrayElement = 0,
+        .descriptorCount = 1,
+        .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformTexelBuffer,
+        .pTexelBufferView = &buffer_info,
+    };
+}
+
+} // namespace Vulkan

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_update_queue.h

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright 2024 Citra Emulator Project
+// Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
+// Refer to the license.txt file included.
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <variant>
+
+#include "common/common_types.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_common.h"
+
+namespace Vulkan {
+
+class Instance;
+
+struct DescriptorInfoUnion {
+    DescriptorInfoUnion() {}
+
+    union {
+        vk::DescriptorImageInfo image_info;
+        vk::DescriptorBufferInfo buffer_info;
+        vk::BufferView buffer_view;
+    };
+};
+
+class DescriptorUpdateQueue {
+public:
+    explicit DescriptorUpdateQueue(const Instance& instance, u32 descriptor_write_max = 2048);
+    ~DescriptorUpdateQueue() = default;
+
+    void Flush();
+
+    void AddStorageImage(vk::DescriptorSet target, u8 binding, vk::ImageView image_view,
+                         vk::ImageLayout image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral);
+
+    void AddImageSampler(vk::DescriptorSet target, u8 binding, u8 array_index,
+                         vk::ImageView image_view, vk::Sampler sampler,
+                         vk::ImageLayout imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral);
+
+    void AddBuffer(vk::DescriptorSet target, u8 binding, vk::Buffer buffer, vk::DeviceSize offset,
+                   vk::DeviceSize size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE,
+                   vk::DescriptorType type = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBufferDynamic);
+
+    void AddTexelBuffer(vk::DescriptorSet target, u8 binding, vk::BufferView buffer_view);
+
+private:
+    const vk::Device device;
+    const u32 descriptor_write_max;
+    std::unique_ptr<DescriptorInfoUnion[]> descriptor_infos;
+    std::unique_ptr<vk::WriteDescriptorSet[]> descriptor_writes;
+    u32 descriptor_write_end = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace Vulkan

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_graphics_pipeline.cpp

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/pica_to_vk.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_graphics_pipeline.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_instance.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_renderpass_cache.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_render_manager.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_shader_util.h"
 
 namespace Vulkan {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Shader::~Shader() {
     }
 }
 
-GraphicsPipeline::GraphicsPipeline(const Instance& instance_, RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache_,
+GraphicsPipeline::GraphicsPipeline(const Instance& instance_, RenderManager& renderpass_cache_,
                                    const PipelineInfo& info_, vk::PipelineCache pipeline_cache_,
                                    vk::PipelineLayout layout_, std::array<Shader*, 3> stages_,
                                    Common::ThreadWorker* worker_)

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_graphics_pipeline.h

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ private:
 namespace Vulkan {
 
 class Instance;
-class RenderpassCache;
+class RenderManager;
 
 constexpr u32 MAX_SHADER_STAGES = 3;
 constexpr u32 MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTES = 16;
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ struct AttachmentInfo {
 };
 
 /**
- * Information about a graphics/compute pipeline
+ * Information about a graphics pipeline
  */
 struct PipelineInfo {
     BlendingState blending;
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ struct Shader : public Common::AsyncHandle {
 
 class GraphicsPipeline : public Common::AsyncHandle {
 public:
-    explicit GraphicsPipeline(const Instance& instance, RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache,
+    explicit GraphicsPipeline(const Instance& instance, RenderManager& renderpass_cache,
                               const PipelineInfo& info, vk::PipelineCache pipeline_cache,
                               vk::PipelineLayout layout, std::array<Shader*, 3> stages,
                               Common::ThreadWorker* worker);
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
     const Instance& instance;
-    RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache;
+    RenderManager& renderpass_cache;
     Common::ThreadWorker* worker;
 
     vk::UniquePipeline pipeline;

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_master_semaphore.cpp

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_instance.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_master_semaphore.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_scheduler.h"
 
 namespace Vulkan {
 
@@ -99,8 +98,7 @@ void MasterSemaphoreTimeline::SubmitWork(vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf, vk::Semaphore
     try {
         instance.GetGraphicsQueue().submit(submit_info);
     } catch (vk::DeviceLostError& err) {
-        LOG_CRITICAL(Render_Vulkan, "Device lost during submit: {}", err.what());
+        UNREACHABLE_MSG("Device lost during submit: {}", err.what());
-        UNREACHABLE();
     }
 }
 
@@ -109,23 +107,21 @@ constexpr u64 FENCE_RESERVE = 8;
 MasterSemaphoreFence::MasterSemaphoreFence(const Instance& instance_) : instance{instance_} {
     const vk::Device device{instance.GetDevice()};
     for (u64 i = 0; i < FENCE_RESERVE; i++) {
-        free_queue.push(device.createFenceUnique({}));
+        free_queue.push_back(device.createFence({}));
     }
     wait_thread = std::jthread([this](std::stop_token token) { WaitThread(token); });
 }
 
-MasterSemaphoreFence::~MasterSemaphoreFence() = default;
+MasterSemaphoreFence::~MasterSemaphoreFence() {
+    std::ranges::for_each(free_queue,
+                          [this](auto fence) { instance.GetDevice().destroyFence(fence); });
+}
 
 void MasterSemaphoreFence::Refresh() {}
 
 void MasterSemaphoreFence::Wait(u64 tick) {
-    while (true) {
+    std::unique_lock lk{free_mutex};
-        u64 current_value = gpu_tick.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    free_cv.wait(lk, [&] { return gpu_tick.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) >= tick; });
-        if (current_value >= tick) {
-            return;
-        }
-        gpu_tick.wait(current_value);
-    }
 }
 
 void MasterSemaphoreFence::SubmitWork(vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf, vk::Semaphore wait,
@@ -149,59 +145,56 @@ void MasterSemaphoreFence::SubmitWork(vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf, vk::Semaphore wa
         .pSignalSemaphores = &signal,
     };
 
-    vk::UniqueFence fence{GetFreeFence()};
+    const vk::Fence fence = GetFreeFence();
+
     try {
-        instance.GetGraphicsQueue().submit(submit_info, *fence);
+        instance.GetGraphicsQueue().submit(submit_info, fence);
     } catch (vk::DeviceLostError& err) {
-        LOG_CRITICAL(Render_Vulkan, "Device lost during submit: {}", err.what());
+        UNREACHABLE_MSG("Device lost during submit: {}", err.what());
-        UNREACHABLE();
     }
 
     std::scoped_lock lock{wait_mutex};
-    wait_queue.push({
+    wait_queue.emplace(fence, signal_value);
-        .handle = std::move(fence),
-        .signal_value = signal_value,
-    });
     wait_cv.notify_one();
 }
 
 void MasterSemaphoreFence::WaitThread(std::stop_token token) {
     const vk::Device device{instance.GetDevice()};
     while (!token.stop_requested()) {
-        Fence fence;
+        vk::Fence fence;
+        u64 signal_value;
         {
             std::unique_lock lock{wait_mutex};
             Common::CondvarWait(wait_cv, lock, token, [this] { return !wait_queue.empty(); });
             if (token.stop_requested()) {
                 return;
             }
-            fence = std::move(wait_queue.front());
+            std::tie(fence, signal_value) = wait_queue.front();
             wait_queue.pop();
         }
 
-        const vk::Result result = device.waitForFences(*fence.handle, true, WAIT_TIMEOUT);
+        const vk::Result result = device.waitForFences(fence, true, WAIT_TIMEOUT);
         if (result != vk::Result::eSuccess) {
-            LOG_CRITICAL(Render_Vulkan, "Fence wait failed with error {}", vk::to_string(result));
+            UNREACHABLE_MSG("Fence wait failed with error {}", vk::to_string(result));
-            UNREACHABLE();
         }
-        device.resetFences(*fence.handle);
 
-        gpu_tick.store(fence.signal_value);
+        device.resetFences(fence);
-        gpu_tick.notify_all();
+        gpu_tick.store(signal_value);
 
         std::scoped_lock lock{free_mutex};
-        free_queue.push(std::move(fence.handle));
+        free_queue.push_back(fence);
+        free_cv.notify_all();
     }
 }
 
-vk::UniqueFence MasterSemaphoreFence::GetFreeFence() {
+vk::Fence MasterSemaphoreFence::GetFreeFence() {
     std::scoped_lock lock{free_mutex};
     if (free_queue.empty()) {
-        return instance.GetDevice().createFenceUnique({});
+        return instance.GetDevice().createFence({});
     }
 
-    vk::UniqueFence fence{std::move(free_queue.front())};
+    const vk::Fence fence = free_queue.front();
-    free_queue.pop();
+    free_queue.pop_front();
     return fence;
 }
 

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_master_semaphore.h

@@ -72,6 +72,8 @@ private:
 };
 
 class MasterSemaphoreFence : public MasterSemaphore {
+    using Waitable = std::pair<vk::Fence, u64>;
+
 public:
     explicit MasterSemaphoreFence(const Instance& instance);
     ~MasterSemaphoreFence() override;
@@ -86,20 +88,15 @@ public:
 private:
     void WaitThread(std::stop_token token);
 
-    vk::UniqueFence GetFreeFence();
+    vk::Fence GetFreeFence();
 
 private:
     const Instance& instance;
-
+    std::deque<vk::Fence> free_queue;
-    struct Fence {
+    std::queue<Waitable> wait_queue;
-        vk::UniqueFence handle;
-        u64 signal_value;
-    };
-
-    std::queue<vk::UniqueFence> free_queue;
-    std::queue<Fence> wait_queue;
     std::mutex free_mutex;
     std::mutex wait_mutex;
+    std::condition_variable free_cv;
     std::condition_variable_any wait_cv;
     std::jthread wait_thread;
 };

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_pipeline_cache.cpp

@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@
 #include "common/scope_exit.h"
 #include "common/settings.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/pica_to_vk.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_update_queue.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_instance.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_pipeline_cache.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_renderpass_cache.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_render_manager.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_scheduler.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_shader_util.h"
 #include "video_core/shader/generator/glsl_fs_shader_gen.h"
@@ -62,34 +63,34 @@ constexpr std::array<vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 6> BUFFER_BINDINGS = {{
     {5, vk::DescriptorType::eUniformTexelBuffer, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment},
 }};
 
+template <u32 NumTex0>
 constexpr std::array<vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 3> TEXTURE_BINDINGS = {{
-    {0, vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment},
+    {0, vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler, NumTex0,
-    {1, vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment},
+     vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment},                                                  // tex0
-    {2, vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment},
+    {1, vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment}, // tex1
+    {2, vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment}, // tex2
 }};
 
-// TODO: Use descriptor array for shadow cube
+constexpr std::array<vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 2> UTILITY_BINDINGS = {{
-constexpr std::array<vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 7> SHADOW_BINDINGS = {{
+    {0, vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment}, // shadow_buffer
-    {0, vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment},
+    {1, vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler, 1,
-    {1, vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment},
+     vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment}, // tex_normal
-    {2, vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment},
-    {3, vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment},
-    {4, vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment},
-    {5, vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment},
-    {6, vk::DescriptorType::eStorageImage, 1, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment},
 }};
 
 PipelineCache::PipelineCache(const Instance& instance_, Scheduler& scheduler_,
-                             RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache_, DescriptorPool& pool_)
+                             RenderManager& renderpass_cache_, DescriptorUpdateQueue& update_queue_)
-    : instance{instance_}, scheduler{scheduler_}, renderpass_cache{renderpass_cache_}, pool{pool_},
+    : instance{instance_}, scheduler{scheduler_}, renderpass_cache{renderpass_cache_},
-      num_worker_threads{std::max(std::thread::hardware_concurrency(), 2U)},
+      update_queue{update_queue_},
+      num_worker_threads{std::max(std::thread::hardware_concurrency(), 2U) >> 1},
       workers{num_worker_threads, "Pipeline workers"},
-      descriptor_set_providers{DescriptorSetProvider{instance, pool, BUFFER_BINDINGS},
+      descriptor_heaps{
-                               DescriptorSetProvider{instance, pool, TEXTURE_BINDINGS},
+          DescriptorHeap{instance, scheduler.GetMasterSemaphore(), BUFFER_BINDINGS, 32},
-                               DescriptorSetProvider{instance, pool, SHADOW_BINDINGS}},
+          DescriptorHeap{instance, scheduler.GetMasterSemaphore(), TEXTURE_BINDINGS<1>},
+          DescriptorHeap{instance, scheduler.GetMasterSemaphore(), UTILITY_BINDINGS, 32}},
       trivial_vertex_shader{
           instance, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex,
           GLSL::GenerateTrivialVertexShader(instance.IsShaderClipDistanceSupported(), true)} {
+    scheduler.RegisterOnDispatch([this] { update_queue.Flush(); });
     profile = Pica::Shader::Profile{
         .has_separable_shaders = true,
         .has_clip_planes = instance.IsShaderClipDistanceSupported(),
@@ -106,13 +107,13 @@ PipelineCache::PipelineCache(const Instance& instance_, Scheduler& scheduler_,
 }
 
 void PipelineCache::BuildLayout() {
-    std::array<vk::DescriptorSetLayout, NUM_RASTERIZER_SETS> descriptor_set_layouts;
+    std::array<vk::DescriptorSetLayout, NumRasterizerSets> descriptor_set_layouts;
-    std::transform(descriptor_set_providers.begin(), descriptor_set_providers.end(),
+    descriptor_set_layouts[0] = descriptor_heaps[0].Layout();
-                   descriptor_set_layouts.begin(),
+    descriptor_set_layouts[1] = descriptor_heaps[1].Layout();
-                   [](const auto& provider) { return provider.Layout(); });
+    descriptor_set_layouts[2] = descriptor_heaps[2].Layout();
 
     const vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo layout_info = {
-        .setLayoutCount = NUM_RASTERIZER_SETS,
+        .setLayoutCount = NumRasterizerSets,
         .pSetLayouts = descriptor_set_layouts.data(),
         .pushConstantRangeCount = 0,
         .pPushConstantRanges = nullptr,
@@ -214,55 +215,11 @@ bool PipelineCache::BindPipeline(const PipelineInfo& info, bool wait_built) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    u32 new_descriptors_start = 0;
-    std::span<vk::DescriptorSet> new_descriptors_span{};
-    std::span<u32> new_offsets_span{};
-
-    // Ensure all the descriptor sets are set at least once at the beginning.
-    if (scheduler.IsStateDirty(StateFlags::DescriptorSets)) {
-        set_dirty.set();
-    }
-
-    if (set_dirty.any()) {
-        for (u32 i = 0; i < NUM_RASTERIZER_SETS; i++) {
-            if (!set_dirty.test(i)) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            bound_descriptor_sets[i] = descriptor_set_providers[i].Acquire(update_data[i]);
-        }
-        new_descriptors_span = bound_descriptor_sets;
-
-        // Only send new offsets if the buffer descriptor-set changed.
-        if (set_dirty.test(0)) {
-            new_offsets_span = offsets;
-        }
-
-        // Try to compact the number of updated descriptor-set slots to the ones that have actually
-        // changed
-        if (!set_dirty.all()) {
-            const u64 dirty_mask = set_dirty.to_ulong();
-            new_descriptors_start = static_cast<u32>(std::countr_zero(dirty_mask));
-            const u32 new_descriptors_end = 64u - static_cast<u32>(std::countl_zero(dirty_mask));
-            const u32 new_descriptors_size = new_descriptors_end - new_descriptors_start;
-
-            new_descriptors_span =
-                new_descriptors_span.subspan(new_descriptors_start, new_descriptors_size);
-        }
-
-        set_dirty.reset();
-    }
-
-    boost::container::static_vector<vk::DescriptorSet, NUM_RASTERIZER_SETS> new_descriptors(
-        new_descriptors_span.begin(), new_descriptors_span.end());
-    boost::container::static_vector<u32, NUM_DYNAMIC_OFFSETS> new_offsets(new_offsets_span.begin(),
-                                                                          new_offsets_span.end());
-
     const bool is_dirty = scheduler.IsStateDirty(StateFlags::Pipeline);
     const bool pipeline_dirty = (current_pipeline != pipeline) || is_dirty;
     scheduler.Record([this, is_dirty, pipeline_dirty, pipeline,
                       current_dynamic = current_info.dynamic, dynamic = info.dynamic,
-                      new_descriptors_start, descriptor_sets = std::move(new_descriptors),
+                      descriptor_sets = bound_descriptor_sets, offsets = offsets,
-                      offsets = std::move(new_offsets),
                       current_rasterization = current_info.rasterization,
                       current_depth_stencil = current_info.depth_stencil,
                       rasterization = info.rasterization,
@@ -364,10 +321,8 @@ bool PipelineCache::BindPipeline(const PipelineInfo& info, bool wait_built) {
             cmdbuf.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipeline->Handle());
         }
 
-        if (descriptor_sets.size()) {
+        cmdbuf.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, *pipeline_layout, 0,
-            cmdbuf.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, *pipeline_layout,
+                                  descriptor_sets, offsets);
-                                      new_descriptors_start, descriptor_sets, offsets);
-        }
     });
 
     current_info = info;
@@ -385,7 +340,6 @@ bool PipelineCache::UseProgrammableVertexShader(const Pica::RegsInternal& regs,
     // We also don't need the geometry shader if we have the barycentric extension.
     const bool use_geometry_shader = instance.UseGeometryShaders() && !regs.lighting.disable &&
                                      !instance.IsFragmentShaderBarycentricSupported();
-
     PicaVSConfig config{regs, setup, instance.IsShaderClipDistanceSupported(), use_geometry_shader};
 
     for (u32 i = 0; i < layout.attribute_count; i++) {
@@ -402,7 +356,7 @@ bool PipelineCache::UseProgrammableVertexShader(const Pica::RegsInternal& regs,
         }
     }
 
-    auto [it, new_config] = programmable_vertex_map.try_emplace(config);
+    const auto [it, new_config] = programmable_vertex_map.try_emplace(config);
     if (new_config) {
         auto program = GLSL::GenerateVertexShader(setup, config, true);
         if (program.empty()) {
@@ -497,59 +451,6 @@ void PipelineCache::UseFragmentShader(const Pica::RegsInternal& regs,
     shader_hashes[ProgramType::FS] = fs_config.Hash();
 }
 
-void PipelineCache::BindTexture(u32 binding, vk::ImageView image_view, vk::Sampler sampler) {
-    auto& info = update_data[1][binding].image_info;
-    if (info.imageView == image_view && info.sampler == sampler) {
-        return;
-    }
-    set_dirty[1] = true;
-    info = vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
-        .sampler = sampler,
-        .imageView = image_view,
-        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral,
-    };
-}
-
-void PipelineCache::BindStorageImage(u32 binding, vk::ImageView image_view) {
-    auto& info = update_data[2][binding].image_info;
-    if (info.imageView == image_view) {
-        return;
-    }
-    set_dirty[2] = true;
-    info = vk::DescriptorImageInfo{
-        .imageView = image_view,
-        .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral,
-    };
-}
-
-void PipelineCache::BindBuffer(u32 binding, vk::Buffer buffer, u32 offset, u32 size) {
-    auto& info = update_data[0][binding].buffer_info;
-    if (info.buffer == buffer && info.offset == offset && info.range == size) {
-        return;
-    }
-    set_dirty[0] = true;
-    info = vk::DescriptorBufferInfo{
-        .buffer = buffer,
-        .offset = offset,
-        .range = size,
-    };
-}
-
-void PipelineCache::BindTexelBuffer(u32 binding, vk::BufferView buffer_view) {
-    auto& view = update_data[0][binding].buffer_view;
-    if (view != buffer_view) {
-        set_dirty[0] = true;
-        view = buffer_view;
-    }
-}
-
-void PipelineCache::SetBufferOffset(u32 binding, std::size_t offset) {
-    if (offsets[binding] != static_cast<u32>(offset)) {
-        offsets[binding] = static_cast<u32>(offset);
-        set_dirty[0] = true;
-    }
-}
-
 bool PipelineCache::IsCacheValid(std::span<const u8> data) const {
     if (data.size() < sizeof(vk::PipelineCacheHeaderVersionOne)) {
         LOG_ERROR(Render_Vulkan, "Pipeline cache failed validation: Invalid header");

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_pipeline_cache.h

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 #include <bitset>
 #include <tsl/robin_map.h>
 
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_pool.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_graphics_pipeline.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_resource_pool.h"
 #include "video_core/shader/generator/pica_fs_config.h"
 #include "video_core/shader/generator/profile.h"
 #include "video_core/shader/generator/shader_gen.h"
@@ -22,23 +22,39 @@ namespace Vulkan {
 
 class Instance;
 class Scheduler;
-class RenderpassCache;
+class RenderManager;
-class DescriptorPool;
+class DescriptorUpdateQueue;
 
-constexpr u32 NUM_RASTERIZER_SETS = 3;
+enum class DescriptorHeapType : u32 {
-constexpr u32 NUM_DYNAMIC_OFFSETS = 3;
+    Buffer,
+    Texture,
+    Utility,
+};
 
 /**
  * Stores a collection of rasterizer pipelines used during rendering.
  */
 class PipelineCache {
+    static constexpr u32 NumRasterizerSets = 3;
+    static constexpr u32 NumDescriptorHeaps = 3;
+    static constexpr u32 NumDynamicOffsets = 3;
+
 public:
     explicit PipelineCache(const Instance& instance, Scheduler& scheduler,
-                           RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache, DescriptorPool& pool);
+                           RenderManager& renderpass_cache, DescriptorUpdateQueue& update_queue);
     ~PipelineCache();
 
-    [[nodiscard]] DescriptorSetProvider& TextureProvider() noexcept {
+    /// Acquires and binds a free descriptor set from the appropriate heap.
-        return descriptor_set_providers[1];
+    vk::DescriptorSet Acquire(DescriptorHeapType type) {
+        const u32 index = static_cast<u32>(type);
+        const auto descriptor_set = descriptor_heaps[index].Commit();
+        bound_descriptor_sets[index] = descriptor_set;
+        return descriptor_set;
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the dynamic offset for the uniform buffer at binding
+    void UpdateRange(u8 binding, u32 offset) {
+        offsets[binding] = offset;
     }
 
     /// Loads the pipeline cache stored to disk
@@ -66,21 +82,6 @@ public:
     /// Binds a fragment shader generated from PICA state
     void UseFragmentShader(const Pica::RegsInternal& regs, const Pica::Shader::UserConfig& user);
 
-    /// Binds a texture to the specified binding
-    void BindTexture(u32 binding, vk::ImageView image_view, vk::Sampler sampler);
-
-    /// Binds a storage image to the specified binding
-    void BindStorageImage(u32 binding, vk::ImageView image_view);
-
-    /// Binds a buffer to the specified binding
-    void BindBuffer(u32 binding, vk::Buffer buffer, u32 offset, u32 size);
-
-    /// Binds a buffer to the specified binding
-    void BindTexelBuffer(u32 binding, vk::BufferView buffer_view);
-
-    /// Sets the dynamic offset for the uniform buffer at binding
-    void SetBufferOffset(u32 binding, std::size_t offset);
-
 private:
     /// Builds the rasterizer pipeline layout
     void BuildLayout();
@@ -97,8 +98,8 @@ private:
 private:
     const Instance& instance;
     Scheduler& scheduler;
-    RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache;
+    RenderManager& renderpass_cache;
-    DescriptorPool& pool;
+    DescriptorUpdateQueue& update_queue;
 
     Pica::Shader::Profile profile{};
     vk::UniquePipelineCache pipeline_cache;
@@ -110,11 +111,9 @@ private:
     tsl::robin_map<u64, std::unique_ptr<GraphicsPipeline>, Common::IdentityHash<u64>>
         graphics_pipelines;
 
-    std::array<DescriptorSetProvider, NUM_RASTERIZER_SETS> descriptor_set_providers;
+    std::array<DescriptorHeap, NumDescriptorHeaps> descriptor_heaps;
-    std::array<DescriptorSetData, NUM_RASTERIZER_SETS> update_data{};
+    std::array<vk::DescriptorSet, NumRasterizerSets> bound_descriptor_sets{};
-    std::array<vk::DescriptorSet, NUM_RASTERIZER_SETS> bound_descriptor_sets{};
+    std::array<u32, NumDynamicOffsets> offsets{};
-    std::array<u32, NUM_DYNAMIC_OFFSETS> offsets{};
-    std::bitset<NUM_RASTERIZER_SETS> set_dirty{};
 
     std::array<u64, MAX_SHADER_STAGES> shader_hashes;
     std::array<Shader*, MAX_SHADER_STAGES> current_shaders;

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_platform.cpp

@@ -32,8 +32,9 @@ static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL DebugUtilsCallback(
     VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT type,
     const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* callback_data, void* user_data) {
 
-    switch (callback_data->messageIdNumber) {
+    switch (static_cast<u32>(callback_data->messageIdNumber)) {
     case 0x609a13b: // Vertex attribute at location not consumed by shader
+    case 0xc81ad50e:
         return VK_FALSE;
     default:
         break;

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_present_window.cpp

@@ -138,11 +138,11 @@ PresentWindow::PresentWindow(Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window_, const Instance& i
 
     if (instance.HasDebuggingToolAttached()) {
         for (u32 i = 0; i < num_images; ++i) {
-            Vulkan::SetObjectName(device, swap_chain[i].cmdbuf, "Swapchain Command Buffer {}", i);
+            SetObjectName(device, swap_chain[i].cmdbuf, "Swapchain Command Buffer {}", i);
-            Vulkan::SetObjectName(device, swap_chain[i].render_ready,
+            SetObjectName(device, swap_chain[i].render_ready,
-                                  "Swapchain Semaphore: render_ready {}", i);
+                          "Swapchain Semaphore: render_ready {}", i);
-            Vulkan::SetObjectName(device, swap_chain[i].present_done,
+            SetObjectName(device, swap_chain[i].present_done, "Swapchain Fence: present_done {}",
-                                  "Swapchain Fence: present_done {}", i);
+                          i);
         }
     }
 

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_present_window.h

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ namespace Vulkan {
 class Instance;
 class Swapchain;
 class Scheduler;
-class RenderpassCache;
+class RenderManager;
 
 struct Frame {
     u32 width;

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_rasterizer.cpp

@@ -58,13 +58,15 @@ RasterizerVulkan::RasterizerVulkan(Memory::MemorySystem& memory, Pica::PicaCore&
                                    VideoCore::CustomTexManager& custom_tex_manager,
                                    VideoCore::RendererBase& renderer,
                                    Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window, const Instance& instance,
-                                   Scheduler& scheduler, DescriptorPool& pool,
+                                   Scheduler& scheduler, RenderManager& renderpass_cache,
-                                   RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache, u32 image_count)
+                                   DescriptorUpdateQueue& update_queue_, u32 image_count)
     : RasterizerAccelerated{memory, pica}, instance{instance}, scheduler{scheduler},
-      renderpass_cache{renderpass_cache}, pipeline_cache{instance, scheduler, renderpass_cache,
+      renderpass_cache{renderpass_cache}, update_queue{update_queue_},
-                                                         pool},
+      pipeline_cache{instance, scheduler, renderpass_cache, update_queue}, runtime{instance,
-      runtime{instance,   scheduler, renderpass_cache, pool, pipeline_cache.TextureProvider(),
+                                                                                   scheduler,
-              image_count},
+                                                                                   renderpass_cache,
+                                                                                   update_queue,
+                                                                                   image_count},
       res_cache{memory, custom_tex_manager, runtime, regs, renderer},
       stream_buffer{instance, scheduler, BUFFER_USAGE, STREAM_BUFFER_SIZE},
       uniform_buffer{instance, scheduler, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eUniformBuffer,
@@ -77,11 +79,12 @@ RasterizerVulkan::RasterizerVulkan(Memory::MemorySystem& memory, Pica::PicaCore&
 
     vertex_buffers.fill(stream_buffer.Handle());
 
+    // Query uniform buffer alignment.
     uniform_buffer_alignment = instance.UniformMinAlignment();
     uniform_size_aligned_vs_pica =
-        Common::AlignUp(sizeof(VSPicaUniformData), uniform_buffer_alignment);
+        Common::AlignUp<u32>(sizeof(VSPicaUniformData), uniform_buffer_alignment);
-    uniform_size_aligned_vs = Common::AlignUp(sizeof(VSUniformData), uniform_buffer_alignment);
+    uniform_size_aligned_vs = Common::AlignUp<u32>(sizeof(VSUniformData), uniform_buffer_alignment);
-    uniform_size_aligned_fs = Common::AlignUp(sizeof(FSUniformData), uniform_buffer_alignment);
+    uniform_size_aligned_fs = Common::AlignUp<u32>(sizeof(FSUniformData), uniform_buffer_alignment);
 
     // Define vertex layout for software shaders
     MakeSoftwareVertexLayout();
@@ -107,24 +110,32 @@ RasterizerVulkan::RasterizerVulkan(Memory::MemorySystem& memory, Pica::PicaCore&
         .range = VK_WHOLE_SIZE,
     });
 
-    // Since we don't have access to VK_EXT_descriptor_indexing we need to intiallize
+    scheduler.RegisterOnSubmit([&renderpass_cache] { renderpass_cache.EndRendering(); });
-    // all descriptor sets even the ones we don't use.
-    pipeline_cache.BindBuffer(0, uniform_buffer.Handle(), 0, sizeof(VSPicaUniformData));
-    pipeline_cache.BindBuffer(1, uniform_buffer.Handle(), 0, sizeof(VSUniformData));
-    pipeline_cache.BindBuffer(2, uniform_buffer.Handle(), 0, sizeof(FSUniformData));
-    pipeline_cache.BindTexelBuffer(3, *texture_lf_view);
-    pipeline_cache.BindTexelBuffer(4, *texture_rg_view);
-    pipeline_cache.BindTexelBuffer(5, *texture_rgba_view);
 
+    // Prepare the static buffer descriptor set.
+    const auto buffer_set = pipeline_cache.Acquire(DescriptorHeapType::Buffer);
+    update_queue.AddBuffer(buffer_set, 0, uniform_buffer.Handle(), 0, sizeof(VSPicaUniformData));
+    update_queue.AddBuffer(buffer_set, 1, uniform_buffer.Handle(), 0, sizeof(VSUniformData));
+    update_queue.AddBuffer(buffer_set, 2, uniform_buffer.Handle(), 0, sizeof(FSUniformData));
+    update_queue.AddTexelBuffer(buffer_set, 3, *texture_lf_view);
+    update_queue.AddTexelBuffer(buffer_set, 4, *texture_rg_view);
+    update_queue.AddTexelBuffer(buffer_set, 5, *texture_rgba_view);
+
+    const auto texture_set = pipeline_cache.Acquire(DescriptorHeapType::Texture);
     Surface& null_surface = res_cache.GetSurface(VideoCore::NULL_SURFACE_ID);
     Sampler& null_sampler = res_cache.GetSampler(VideoCore::NULL_SAMPLER_ID);
+
+    // Prepare texture and utility descriptor sets.
     for (u32 i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
-        pipeline_cache.BindTexture(i, null_surface.ImageView(), null_sampler.Handle());
+        update_queue.AddImageSampler(texture_set, i, 0, null_surface.ImageView(),
+                                     null_sampler.Handle());
     }
 
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
+    const auto utility_set = pipeline_cache.Acquire(DescriptorHeapType::Utility);
-        pipeline_cache.BindStorageImage(i, null_surface.StorageView());
+    update_queue.AddStorageImage(utility_set, 0, null_surface.StorageView());
-    }
+    update_queue.AddImageSampler(utility_set, 1, 0, null_surface.ImageView(),
+                                 null_sampler.Handle());
+    update_queue.Flush();
 
     SyncEntireState();
 }
@@ -477,13 +488,6 @@ bool RasterizerVulkan::Draw(bool accelerate, bool is_indexed) {
     pipeline_info.attachments.color = framebuffer->Format(SurfaceType::Color);
     pipeline_info.attachments.depth = framebuffer->Format(SurfaceType::Depth);
 
-    if (shadow_rendering) {
-        pipeline_cache.BindStorageImage(6, framebuffer->ImageView(SurfaceType::Color));
-    } else {
-        Surface& null_surface = res_cache.GetSurface(VideoCore::NULL_SURFACE_ID);
-        pipeline_cache.BindStorageImage(6, null_surface.StorageView());
-    }
-
     // Update scissor uniforms
     const auto [scissor_x1, scissor_y2, scissor_x2, scissor_y1] = fb_helper.Scissor();
     if (fs_uniform_block_data.data.scissor_x1 != scissor_x1 ||
@@ -500,6 +504,7 @@ bool RasterizerVulkan::Draw(bool accelerate, bool is_indexed) {
 
     // Sync and bind the texture surfaces
     SyncTextureUnits(framebuffer);
+    SyncUtilityTextures(framebuffer);
 
     // Sync and bind the shader
     if (shader_dirty) {
@@ -533,8 +538,8 @@ bool RasterizerVulkan::Draw(bool accelerate, bool is_indexed) {
     } else {
         pipeline_cache.BindPipeline(pipeline_info, true);
 
-        const u64 vertex_size = vertex_batch.size() * sizeof(HardwareVertex);
         const u32 vertex_count = static_cast<u32>(vertex_batch.size());
+        const u32 vertex_size = vertex_count * sizeof(HardwareVertex);
         const auto [buffer, offset, _] = stream_buffer.Map(vertex_size, sizeof(HardwareVertex));
 
         std::memcpy(buffer, vertex_batch.data(), vertex_size);
@@ -554,6 +559,11 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::SyncTextureUnits(const Framebuffer* framebuffer) {
     using TextureType = Pica::TexturingRegs::TextureConfig::TextureType;
 
     const auto pica_textures = regs.texturing.GetTextures();
+    const bool use_cube_heap =
+        pica_textures[0].enabled && pica_textures[0].config.type == TextureType::ShadowCube;
+    const auto texture_set = pipeline_cache.Acquire(use_cube_heap ? DescriptorHeapType::Texture
+                                                                  : DescriptorHeapType::Texture);
+
     for (u32 texture_index = 0; texture_index < pica_textures.size(); ++texture_index) {
         const auto& texture = pica_textures[texture_index];
 
@@ -561,8 +571,8 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::SyncTextureUnits(const Framebuffer* framebuffer) {
         if (!texture.enabled) {
             const Surface& null_surface = res_cache.GetSurface(VideoCore::NULL_SURFACE_ID);
             const Sampler& null_sampler = res_cache.GetSampler(VideoCore::NULL_SAMPLER_ID);
-            pipeline_cache.BindTexture(texture_index, null_surface.ImageView(),
+            update_queue.AddImageSampler(texture_set, texture_index, 0, null_surface.ImageView(),
-                                       null_sampler.Handle());
+                                         null_sampler.Handle());
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -571,20 +581,21 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::SyncTextureUnits(const Framebuffer* framebuffer) {
             switch (texture.config.type.Value()) {
             case TextureType::Shadow2D: {
                 Surface& surface = res_cache.GetTextureSurface(texture);
+                Sampler& sampler = res_cache.GetSampler(texture.config);
                 surface.flags |= VideoCore::SurfaceFlagBits::ShadowMap;
-                pipeline_cache.BindStorageImage(0, surface.StorageView());
+                update_queue.AddImageSampler(texture_set, texture_index, 0, surface.StorageView(),
+                                             sampler.Handle());
                 continue;
             }
             case TextureType::ShadowCube: {
-                BindShadowCube(texture);
+                BindShadowCube(texture, texture_set);
                 continue;
             }
             case TextureType::TextureCube: {
-                BindTextureCube(texture);
+                BindTextureCube(texture, texture_set);
                 continue;
             }
             default:
-                UnbindSpecial();
                 break;
             }
         }
@@ -592,13 +603,26 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::SyncTextureUnits(const Framebuffer* framebuffer) {
         // Bind the texture provided by the rasterizer cache
         Surface& surface = res_cache.GetTextureSurface(texture);
         Sampler& sampler = res_cache.GetSampler(texture.config);
-        if (!IsFeedbackLoop(texture_index, framebuffer, surface, sampler)) {
+        const vk::ImageView color_view = framebuffer->ImageView(SurfaceType::Color);
-            pipeline_cache.BindTexture(texture_index, surface.ImageView(), sampler.Handle());
+        const bool is_feedback_loop = color_view == surface.ImageView();
-        }
+        const vk::ImageView texture_view =
+            is_feedback_loop ? surface.CopyImageView() : surface.ImageView();
+        update_queue.AddImageSampler(texture_set, texture_index, 0, texture_view, sampler.Handle());
     }
 }
 
-void RasterizerVulkan::BindShadowCube(const Pica::TexturingRegs::FullTextureConfig& texture) {
+void RasterizerVulkan::SyncUtilityTextures(const Framebuffer* framebuffer) {
+    const bool shadow_rendering = regs.framebuffer.IsShadowRendering();
+    if (!shadow_rendering) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const auto utility_set = pipeline_cache.Acquire(DescriptorHeapType::Utility);
+    update_queue.AddStorageImage(utility_set, 0, framebuffer->ImageView(SurfaceType::Color));
+}
+
+void RasterizerVulkan::BindShadowCube(const Pica::TexturingRegs::FullTextureConfig& texture,
+                                      vk::DescriptorSet texture_set) {
     using CubeFace = Pica::TexturingRegs::CubeFace;
     auto info = Pica::Texture::TextureInfo::FromPicaRegister(texture.config, texture.format);
     constexpr std::array faces = {
@@ -606,6 +630,8 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::BindShadowCube(const Pica::TexturingRegs::FullTextureConf
         CubeFace::NegativeY, CubeFace::PositiveZ, CubeFace::NegativeZ,
     };
 
+    Sampler& sampler = res_cache.GetSampler(texture.config);
+
     for (CubeFace face : faces) {
         const u32 binding = static_cast<u32>(face);
         info.physical_address = regs.texturing.GetCubePhysicalAddress(face);
@@ -613,11 +639,13 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::BindShadowCube(const Pica::TexturingRegs::FullTextureConf
         const VideoCore::SurfaceId surface_id = res_cache.GetTextureSurface(info);
         Surface& surface = res_cache.GetSurface(surface_id);
         surface.flags |= VideoCore::SurfaceFlagBits::ShadowMap;
-        pipeline_cache.BindStorageImage(binding, surface.StorageView());
+        update_queue.AddImageSampler(texture_set, 0, binding, surface.StorageView(),
+                                     sampler.Handle());
     }
 }
 
-void RasterizerVulkan::BindTextureCube(const Pica::TexturingRegs::FullTextureConfig& texture) {
+void RasterizerVulkan::BindTextureCube(const Pica::TexturingRegs::FullTextureConfig& texture,
+                                       vk::DescriptorSet texture_set) {
     using CubeFace = Pica::TexturingRegs::CubeFace;
     const VideoCore::TextureCubeConfig config = {
         .px = regs.texturing.GetCubePhysicalAddress(CubeFace::PositiveX),
@@ -633,27 +661,7 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::BindTextureCube(const Pica::TexturingRegs::FullTextureCon
 
     Surface& surface = res_cache.GetTextureCube(config);
     Sampler& sampler = res_cache.GetSampler(texture.config);
-    pipeline_cache.BindTexture(0, surface.ImageView(), sampler.Handle());
+    update_queue.AddImageSampler(texture_set, 0, 0, surface.ImageView(), sampler.Handle());
-}
-
-bool RasterizerVulkan::IsFeedbackLoop(u32 texture_index, const Framebuffer* framebuffer,
-                                      Surface& surface, Sampler& sampler) {
-    const vk::ImageView color_view = framebuffer->ImageView(SurfaceType::Color);
-    const bool is_feedback_loop = color_view == surface.ImageView();
-    if (!is_feedback_loop) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Make a temporary copy of the framebuffer to sample from
-    pipeline_cache.BindTexture(texture_index, surface.CopyImageView(), sampler.Handle());
-    return true;
-}
-
-void RasterizerVulkan::UnbindSpecial() {
-    Surface& null_surface = res_cache.GetSurface(VideoCore::NULL_SURFACE_ID);
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
-        pipeline_cache.BindStorageImage(i, null_surface.StorageView());
-    }
 }
 
 void RasterizerVulkan::NotifyFixedFunctionPicaRegisterChanged(u32 id) {
@@ -1091,7 +1099,7 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::UploadUniforms(bool accelerate_draw) {
         return;
     }
 
-    const u64 uniform_size =
+    const u32 uniform_size =
         uniform_size_aligned_vs_pica + uniform_size_aligned_vs + uniform_size_aligned_fs;
     auto [uniforms, offset, invalidate] =
         uniform_buffer.Map(uniform_size, uniform_buffer_alignment);
@@ -1102,18 +1110,18 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::UploadUniforms(bool accelerate_draw) {
         std::memcpy(uniforms + used_bytes, &vs_uniform_block_data.data,
                     sizeof(vs_uniform_block_data.data));
 
-        pipeline_cache.SetBufferOffset(1, offset + used_bytes);
+        pipeline_cache.UpdateRange(1, offset + used_bytes);
         vs_uniform_block_data.dirty = false;
-        used_bytes += static_cast<u32>(uniform_size_aligned_vs);
+        used_bytes += uniform_size_aligned_vs;
     }
 
     if (sync_fs || invalidate) {
         std::memcpy(uniforms + used_bytes, &fs_uniform_block_data.data,
                     sizeof(fs_uniform_block_data.data));
 
-        pipeline_cache.SetBufferOffset(2, offset + used_bytes);
+        pipeline_cache.UpdateRange(2, offset + used_bytes);
         fs_uniform_block_data.dirty = false;
-        used_bytes += static_cast<u32>(uniform_size_aligned_fs);
+        used_bytes += uniform_size_aligned_fs;
     }
 
     if (sync_vs_pica) {
@@ -1121,8 +1129,8 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::UploadUniforms(bool accelerate_draw) {
         vs_uniforms.uniforms.SetFromRegs(regs.vs, pica.vs_setup);
         std::memcpy(uniforms + used_bytes, &vs_uniforms, sizeof(vs_uniforms));
 
-        pipeline_cache.SetBufferOffset(0, offset + used_bytes);
+        pipeline_cache.UpdateRange(0, offset + used_bytes);
-        used_bytes += static_cast<u32>(uniform_size_aligned_vs_pica);
+        used_bytes += uniform_size_aligned_vs_pica;
     }
 
     uniform_buffer.Commit(used_bytes);

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_rasterizer.h

@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "video_core/rasterizer_accelerated.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_update_queue.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_pipeline_cache.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_renderpass_cache.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_render_manager.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_stream_buffer.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_texture_runtime.h"
 
@@ -31,16 +32,16 @@ struct ScreenInfo;
 
 class Instance;
 class Scheduler;
-class RenderpassCache;
+class RenderManager;
-class DescriptorPool;
 
 class RasterizerVulkan : public VideoCore::RasterizerAccelerated {
 public:
     explicit RasterizerVulkan(Memory::MemorySystem& memory, Pica::PicaCore& pica,
                               VideoCore::CustomTexManager& custom_tex_manager,
                               VideoCore::RendererBase& renderer, Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window,
-                              const Instance& instance, Scheduler& scheduler, DescriptorPool& pool,
+                              const Instance& instance, Scheduler& scheduler,
-                              RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache, u32 image_count);
+                              RenderManager& renderpass_cache, DescriptorUpdateQueue& update_queue,
+                              u32 image_count);
     ~RasterizerVulkan() override;
 
     void TickFrame();
@@ -102,18 +103,16 @@ private:
     /// Syncs all enabled PICA texture units
     void SyncTextureUnits(const Framebuffer* framebuffer);
 
+    /// Syncs all utility textures in the fragment shader.
+    void SyncUtilityTextures(const Framebuffer* framebuffer);
+
     /// Binds the PICA shadow cube required for shadow mapping
-    void BindShadowCube(const Pica::TexturingRegs::FullTextureConfig& texture);
+    void BindShadowCube(const Pica::TexturingRegs::FullTextureConfig& texture,
+                        vk::DescriptorSet texture_set);
 
     /// Binds a texture cube to texture unit 0
-    void BindTextureCube(const Pica::TexturingRegs::FullTextureConfig& texture);
+    void BindTextureCube(const Pica::TexturingRegs::FullTextureConfig& texture,
-
+                         vk::DescriptorSet texture_set);
-    /// Makes a temporary copy of the framebuffer if a feedback loop is detected
-    bool IsFeedbackLoop(u32 texture_index, const Framebuffer* framebuffer, Surface& surface,
-                        Sampler& sampler);
-
-    /// Unbinds all special texture unit 0 texture configurations
-    void UnbindSpecial();
 
     /// Upload the uniform blocks to the uniform buffer object
     void UploadUniforms(bool accelerate_draw);
@@ -145,7 +144,8 @@ private:
 private:
     const Instance& instance;
     Scheduler& scheduler;
-    RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache;
+    RenderManager& renderpass_cache;
+    DescriptorUpdateQueue& update_queue;
     PipelineCache pipeline_cache;
     TextureRuntime runtime;
     RasterizerCache res_cache;
@@ -164,10 +164,10 @@ private:
     vk::UniqueBufferView texture_lf_view;
     vk::UniqueBufferView texture_rg_view;
     vk::UniqueBufferView texture_rgba_view;
-    u64 uniform_buffer_alignment;
+    vk::DeviceSize uniform_buffer_alignment;
-    u64 uniform_size_aligned_vs_pica;
+    u32 uniform_size_aligned_vs_pica;
-    u64 uniform_size_aligned_vs;
+    u32 uniform_size_aligned_vs;
-    u64 uniform_size_aligned_fs;
+    u32 uniform_size_aligned_fs;
     bool async_shaders{false};
 };
 

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_render_manager.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Citra Emulator Project
+// Copyright 2024 Citra Emulator Project
 // Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
 // Refer to the license.txt file included.
 
@@ -6,24 +6,24 @@
 #include "common/assert.h"
 #include "video_core/rasterizer_cache/pixel_format.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_instance.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_renderpass_cache.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_render_manager.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_scheduler.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_texture_runtime.h"
 
 namespace Vulkan {
 
-constexpr u32 MIN_DRAWS_TO_FLUSH = 20;
+constexpr u32 MinDrawsToFlush = 20;
 
 using VideoCore::PixelFormat;
 using VideoCore::SurfaceType;
 
-RenderpassCache::RenderpassCache(const Instance& instance, Scheduler& scheduler)
+RenderManager::RenderManager(const Instance& instance, Scheduler& scheduler)
     : instance{instance}, scheduler{scheduler} {}
 
-RenderpassCache::~RenderpassCache() = default;
+RenderManager::~RenderManager() = default;
 
-void RenderpassCache::BeginRendering(const Framebuffer* framebuffer,
+void RenderManager::BeginRendering(const Framebuffer* framebuffer,
-                                     Common::Rectangle<u32> draw_rect) {
+                                   Common::Rectangle<u32> draw_rect) {
     const vk::Rect2D render_area = {
         .offset{
             .x = static_cast<s32>(draw_rect.left),
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ void RenderpassCache::BeginRendering(const Framebuffer* framebuffer,
     BeginRendering(new_pass);
 }
 
-void RenderpassCache::BeginRendering(const RenderPass& new_pass) {
+void RenderManager::BeginRendering(const RenderPass& new_pass) {
     if (pass == new_pass) [[likely]] {
         num_draws++;
         return;
@@ -67,12 +67,11 @@ void RenderpassCache::BeginRendering(const RenderPass& new_pass) {
     pass = new_pass;
 }
 
-void RenderpassCache::EndRendering() {
+void RenderManager::EndRendering() {
     if (!pass.render_pass) {
         return;
     }
 
-    pass.render_pass = vk::RenderPass{};
     scheduler.Record([images = images, aspects = aspects](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
         u32 num_barriers = 0;
         vk::PipelineStageFlags pipeline_flags{};
@@ -108,6 +107,9 @@ void RenderpassCache::EndRendering() {
             };
         }
         cmdbuf.endRenderPass();
+        if (num_barriers == 0) {
+            return;
+        }
         cmdbuf.pipelineBarrier(pipeline_flags,
                                vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader |
                                    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer,
@@ -115,25 +117,29 @@ void RenderpassCache::EndRendering() {
                                num_barriers, barriers.data());
     });
 
+    // Reset state.
+    pass.render_pass = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    images = {};
+    aspects = {};
+
     // The Mali guide recommends flushing at the end of each major renderpass
     // Testing has shown this has a significant effect on rendering performance
-    if (num_draws > MIN_DRAWS_TO_FLUSH && instance.ShouldFlush()) {
+    if (num_draws > MinDrawsToFlush && instance.ShouldFlush()) {
         scheduler.Flush();
         num_draws = 0;
     }
 }
 
-vk::RenderPass RenderpassCache::GetRenderpass(VideoCore::PixelFormat color,
+vk::RenderPass RenderManager::GetRenderpass(VideoCore::PixelFormat color,
-                                              VideoCore::PixelFormat depth, bool is_clear) {
+                                            VideoCore::PixelFormat depth, bool is_clear) {
     std::scoped_lock lock{cache_mutex};
 
     const u32 color_index =
-        color == VideoCore::PixelFormat::Invalid ? MAX_COLOR_FORMATS : static_cast<u32>(color);
+        color == VideoCore::PixelFormat::Invalid ? NumColorFormats : static_cast<u32>(color);
-    const u32 depth_index = depth == VideoCore::PixelFormat::Invalid
+    const u32 depth_index =
-                                ? MAX_DEPTH_FORMATS
+        depth == VideoCore::PixelFormat::Invalid ? NumDepthFormats : (static_cast<u32>(depth) - 14);
-                                : (static_cast<u32>(depth) - 14);
 
-    ASSERT_MSG(color_index <= MAX_COLOR_FORMATS && depth_index <= MAX_DEPTH_FORMATS,
+    ASSERT_MSG(color_index <= NumColorFormats && depth_index <= NumDepthFormats,
                "Invalid color index {} and/or depth_index {}", color_index, depth_index);
 
     vk::UniqueRenderPass& renderpass = cached_renderpasses[color_index][depth_index][is_clear];
@@ -148,8 +154,8 @@ vk::RenderPass RenderpassCache::GetRenderpass(VideoCore::PixelFormat color,
     return *renderpass;
 }
 
-vk::UniqueRenderPass RenderpassCache::CreateRenderPass(vk::Format color, vk::Format depth,
+vk::UniqueRenderPass RenderManager::CreateRenderPass(vk::Format color, vk::Format depth,
-                                                       vk::AttachmentLoadOp load_op) const {
+                                                     vk::AttachmentLoadOp load_op) const {
     u32 attachment_count = 0;
     std::array<vk::AttachmentDescription, 2> attachments;
 

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_render_manager.h

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2023 Citra Emulator Project
+// Copyright 2024 Citra Emulator Project
 // Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
 // Refer to the license.txt file included.
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ struct RenderPass {
     vk::RenderPass render_pass;
     vk::Rect2D render_area;
     vk::ClearValue clear;
-    bool do_clear;
+    u32 do_clear;
 
     bool operator==(const RenderPass& other) const noexcept {
         return std::tie(framebuffer, render_pass, render_area, do_clear) ==
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ struct RenderPass {
     }
 };
 
-class RenderpassCache {
+class RenderManager {
-    static constexpr std::size_t MAX_COLOR_FORMATS = 13;
+    static constexpr u32 NumColorFormats = 13;
-    static constexpr std::size_t MAX_DEPTH_FORMATS = 4;
+    static constexpr u32 NumDepthFormats = 4;
 
 public:
-    explicit RenderpassCache(const Instance& instance, Scheduler& scheduler);
+    explicit RenderManager(const Instance& instance, Scheduler& scheduler);
-    ~RenderpassCache();
+    ~RenderManager();
 
     /// Begins a new renderpass with the provided framebuffer as render target.
     void BeginRendering(const Framebuffer* framebuffer, Common::Rectangle<u32> draw_rect);
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ private:
 private:
     const Instance& instance;
     Scheduler& scheduler;
-    vk::UniqueRenderPass cached_renderpasses[MAX_COLOR_FORMATS + 1][MAX_DEPTH_FORMATS + 1][2];
+    vk::UniqueRenderPass cached_renderpasses[NumColorFormats + 1][NumDepthFormats + 1][2];
     std::mutex cache_mutex;
     std::array<vk::Image, 2> images;
     std::array<vk::ImageAspectFlags, 2> aspects;

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_resource_pool.cpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <optional>
+#include <unordered_map>
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_instance.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_master_semaphore.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_resource_pool.h"
@@ -14,9 +15,7 @@ ResourcePool::ResourcePool(MasterSemaphore* master_semaphore_, std::size_t grow_
     : master_semaphore{master_semaphore_}, grow_step{grow_step_} {}
 
 std::size_t ResourcePool::CommitResource() {
-    // Refresh semaphore to query updated results
+    u64 gpu_tick = master_semaphore->KnownGpuTick();
-    master_semaphore->Refresh();
-    const u64 gpu_tick = master_semaphore->KnownGpuTick();
     const auto search = [this, gpu_tick](std::size_t begin,
                                          std::size_t end) -> std::optional<std::size_t> {
         for (std::size_t iterator = begin; iterator < end; ++iterator) {
@@ -29,7 +28,13 @@ std::size_t ResourcePool::CommitResource() {
     };
 
     // Try to find a free resource from the hinted position to the end.
-    std::optional<std::size_t> found = search(hint_iterator, ticks.size());
+    auto found = search(hint_iterator, ticks.size());
+    if (!found) {
+        // Refresh semaphore to query updated results
+        master_semaphore->Refresh();
+        gpu_tick = master_semaphore->KnownGpuTick();
+        found = search(hint_iterator, ticks.size());
+    }
     if (!found) {
         // Search from beginning to the hinted position.
         found = search(0, hint_iterator);
@@ -48,75 +53,137 @@ std::size_t ResourcePool::CommitResource() {
 }
 
 std::size_t ResourcePool::ManageOverflow() {
-    const std::size_t old_capacity = ticks.size();
-    Grow();
-
-    // The last entry is guaranted to be free, since it's the first element of the freshly
-    // allocated resources.
-    return old_capacity;
-}
-
-void ResourcePool::Grow() {
     const std::size_t old_capacity = ticks.size();
     ticks.resize(old_capacity + grow_step);
     Allocate(old_capacity, old_capacity + grow_step);
+    return old_capacity;
 }
 
 constexpr std::size_t COMMAND_BUFFER_POOL_SIZE = 4;
 
-struct CommandPool::Pool {
-    vk::CommandPool handle;
-    std::array<vk::CommandBuffer, COMMAND_BUFFER_POOL_SIZE> cmdbufs;
-};
-
 CommandPool::CommandPool(const Instance& instance, MasterSemaphore* master_semaphore)
-    : ResourcePool{master_semaphore, COMMAND_BUFFER_POOL_SIZE}, instance{instance} {}
+    : ResourcePool{master_semaphore, COMMAND_BUFFER_POOL_SIZE}, instance{instance} {
-
-CommandPool::~CommandPool() {
-    vk::Device device = instance.GetDevice();
-    for (Pool& pool : pools) {
-        device.destroyCommandPool(pool.handle);
-    }
-}
-
-void CommandPool::Allocate(std::size_t begin, std::size_t end) {
-    // Command buffers are going to be commited, recorded, executed every single usage cycle.
-    // They are also going to be reseted when commited.
-    Pool& pool = pools.emplace_back();
-
     const vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo pool_create_info = {
         .flags = vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eTransient |
                  vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eResetCommandBuffer,
         .queueFamilyIndex = instance.GetGraphicsQueueFamilyIndex(),
     };
+    const vk::Device device = instance.GetDevice();
+    cmd_pool = device.createCommandPoolUnique(pool_create_info);
+    if (instance.HasDebuggingToolAttached()) {
+        SetObjectName(device, *cmd_pool, "CommandPool");
+    }
+}
 
-    vk::Device device = instance.GetDevice();
+CommandPool::~CommandPool() = default;
-    pool.handle = device.createCommandPool(pool_create_info);
+
+void CommandPool::Allocate(std::size_t begin, std::size_t end) {
+    cmd_buffers.resize(end);
 
     const vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo buffer_alloc_info = {
-        .commandPool = pool.handle,
+        .commandPool = *cmd_pool,
         .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary,
         .commandBufferCount = COMMAND_BUFFER_POOL_SIZE,
     };
 
-    auto buffers = device.allocateCommandBuffers(buffer_alloc_info);
+    const vk::Device device = instance.GetDevice();
-    std::copy(buffers.begin(), buffers.end(), pool.cmdbufs.begin());
+    const auto result =
+        device.allocateCommandBuffers(&buffer_alloc_info, cmd_buffers.data() + begin);
+    ASSERT(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 
     if (instance.HasDebuggingToolAttached()) {
-        Vulkan::SetObjectName(device, pool.handle, "CommandPool: Pool({})",
+        for (std::size_t i = begin; i < end; ++i) {
-                              COMMAND_BUFFER_POOL_SIZE);
+            SetObjectName(device, cmd_buffers[i], "CommandPool: Command Buffer {}", i);
-
-        for (u32 i = 0; i < pool.cmdbufs.size(); ++i) {
-            Vulkan::SetObjectName(device, pool.cmdbufs[i], "CommandPool: Command Buffer {}", i);
         }
     }
 }
 
 vk::CommandBuffer CommandPool::Commit() {
     const std::size_t index = CommitResource();
-    const auto pool_index = index / COMMAND_BUFFER_POOL_SIZE;
+    return cmd_buffers[index];
-    const auto sub_index = index % COMMAND_BUFFER_POOL_SIZE;
+}
-    return pools[pool_index].cmdbufs[sub_index];
+
+constexpr u32 DESCRIPTOR_SET_BATCH = 32;
+
+DescriptorHeap::DescriptorHeap(const Instance& instance, MasterSemaphore* master_semaphore,
+                               std::span<const vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding> bindings,
+                               u32 descriptor_heap_count_)
+    : ResourcePool{master_semaphore, DESCRIPTOR_SET_BATCH}, device{instance.GetDevice()},
+      descriptor_heap_count{descriptor_heap_count_} {
+    // Create descriptor set layout.
+    const vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layout_ci = {
+        .bindingCount = static_cast<u32>(bindings.size()),
+        .pBindings = bindings.data(),
+    };
+    descriptor_set_layout = device.createDescriptorSetLayoutUnique(layout_ci);
+    if (instance.HasDebuggingToolAttached()) {
+        SetObjectName(device, *descriptor_set_layout, "DescriptorSetLayout");
+    }
+
+    // Build descriptor set pool counts.
+    std::unordered_map<vk::DescriptorType, u16> descriptor_type_counts;
+    for (const auto& binding : bindings) {
+        descriptor_type_counts[binding.descriptorType] += binding.descriptorCount;
+    }
+    for (const auto& [type, count] : descriptor_type_counts) {
+        auto& pool_size = pool_sizes.emplace_back();
+        pool_size.descriptorCount = count * descriptor_heap_count;
+        pool_size.type = type;
+    }
+
+    // Create descriptor pool
+    AppendDescriptorPool();
+}
+
+DescriptorHeap::~DescriptorHeap() = default;
+
+void DescriptorHeap::Allocate(std::size_t begin, std::size_t end) {
+    ASSERT(end - begin == DESCRIPTOR_SET_BATCH);
+    descriptor_sets.resize(end);
+
+    std::array<vk::DescriptorSetLayout, DESCRIPTOR_SET_BATCH> layouts;
+    layouts.fill(*descriptor_set_layout);
+
+    u32 current_pool = 0;
+    vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo alloc_info = {
+        .descriptorPool = *pools[current_pool],
+        .descriptorSetCount = DESCRIPTOR_SET_BATCH,
+        .pSetLayouts = layouts.data(),
+    };
+
+    // Attempt to allocate the descriptor set batch. If the pool has run out of space, use a new
+    // one.
+    while (true) {
+        const auto result =
+            device.allocateDescriptorSets(&alloc_info, descriptor_sets.data() + begin);
+        if (result == vk::Result::eSuccess) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfPoolMemory) {
+            current_pool++;
+            if (current_pool == pools.size()) {
+                LOG_INFO(Render_Vulkan, "Run out of pools, creating new one!");
+                AppendDescriptorPool();
+            }
+            alloc_info.descriptorPool = *pools[current_pool];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+vk::DescriptorSet DescriptorHeap::Commit() {
+    const std::size_t index = CommitResource();
+    return descriptor_sets[index];
+}
+
+void DescriptorHeap::AppendDescriptorPool() {
+    const vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo pool_info = {
+        .flags = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlagBits::eFreeDescriptorSet,
+        .maxSets = descriptor_heap_count,
+        .poolSizeCount = static_cast<u32>(pool_sizes.size()),
+        .pPoolSizes = pool_sizes.data(),
+    };
+    auto& pool = pools.emplace_back();
+    pool = device.createDescriptorPoolUnique(pool_info);
 }
 
 } // namespace Vulkan

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_resource_pool.h

@@ -39,9 +39,6 @@ private:
     /// Manages pool overflow allocating new resources.
     std::size_t ManageOverflow();
 
-    /// Allocates a new page of resources.
-    void Grow();
-
 protected:
     MasterSemaphore* master_semaphore{nullptr};
     std::size_t grow_step = 0;     ///< Number of new resources created after an overflow
@@ -59,9 +56,36 @@ public:
     vk::CommandBuffer Commit();
 
 private:
-    struct Pool;
     const Instance& instance;
-    std::vector<Pool> pools;
+    vk::UniqueCommandPool cmd_pool;
+    std::vector<vk::CommandBuffer> cmd_buffers;
+};
+
+class DescriptorHeap final : public ResourcePool {
+public:
+    explicit DescriptorHeap(const Instance& instance, MasterSemaphore* master_semaphore,
+                            std::span<const vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding> bindings,
+                            u32 descriptor_heap_count = 1024);
+    ~DescriptorHeap() override;
+
+    const vk::DescriptorSetLayout& Layout() const {
+        return *descriptor_set_layout;
+    }
+
+    void Allocate(std::size_t begin, std::size_t end) override;
+
+    vk::DescriptorSet Commit();
+
+private:
+    void AppendDescriptorPool();
+
+private:
+    vk::Device device;
+    vk::UniqueDescriptorSetLayout descriptor_set_layout;
+    u32 descriptor_heap_count;
+    std::vector<vk::DescriptorPoolSize> pool_sizes;
+    std::vector<vk::UniqueDescriptorPool> pools;
+    std::vector<vk::DescriptorSet> descriptor_sets;
 };
 
 } // namespace Vulkan

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_scheduler.cpp

@@ -5,10 +5,8 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include <utility>
 #include "common/microprofile.h"
-#include "common/settings.h"
 #include "common/thread.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_instance.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_renderpass_cache.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_scheduler.h"
 
 MICROPROFILE_DEFINE(Vulkan_WaitForWorker, "Vulkan", "Wait for worker", MP_RGB(255, 192, 192));
@@ -98,6 +96,8 @@ void Scheduler::DispatchWork() {
         return;
     }
 
+    on_dispatch();
+
     {
         std::scoped_lock ql{queue_mutex};
         work_queue.push(std::move(chunk));
@@ -173,12 +173,16 @@ void Scheduler::SubmitExecution(vk::Semaphore signal_semaphore, vk::Semaphore wa
     state = StateFlags::AllDirty;
     const u64 signal_value = master_semaphore->NextTick();
 
+    on_submit();
+
     Record([signal_semaphore, wait_semaphore, signal_value, this](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
         MICROPROFILE_SCOPE(Vulkan_Submit);
         std::scoped_lock lock{submit_mutex};
         master_semaphore->SubmitWork(cmdbuf, wait_semaphore, signal_semaphore, signal_value);
     });
 
+    master_semaphore->Refresh();
+
     if (!use_worker_thread) {
         AllocateWorkerCommandBuffers();
     } else {

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_scheduler.h

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <utility>
 #include "common/alignment.h"
@@ -49,11 +50,6 @@ public:
     /// Records the command to the current chunk.
     template <typename T>
     void Record(T&& command) {
-        if (!use_worker_thread) {
-            command(current_cmdbuf);
-            return;
-        }
-
         if (chunk->Record(command)) {
             return;
         }
@@ -76,6 +72,16 @@ public:
         return False(state & flag);
     }
 
+    /// Registers a callback to perform on queue submission.
+    void RegisterOnSubmit(std::function<void()>&& func) {
+        on_submit = std::move(func);
+    }
+
+    /// Registers a callback to perform on queue submission.
+    void RegisterOnDispatch(std::function<void()>&& func) {
+        on_dispatch = std::move(func);
+    }
+
     /// Returns the current command buffer tick.
     [[nodiscard]] u64 CurrentTick() const noexcept {
         return master_semaphore->CurrentTick();
@@ -194,6 +200,8 @@ private:
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<CommandChunk>> chunk_reserve;
     vk::CommandBuffer current_cmdbuf;
     StateFlags state{};
+    std::function<void()> on_submit;
+    std::function<void()> on_dispatch;
     std::mutex execution_mutex;
     std::mutex reserve_mutex;
     std::mutex queue_mutex;

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_shader_util.cpp

@@ -184,6 +184,7 @@ vk::ShaderModule Compile(std::string_view code, vk::ShaderStageFlagBits stage, v
                        includer)) [[unlikely]] {
         LOG_INFO(Render_Vulkan, "Shader Info Log:\n{}\n{}", shader->getInfoLog(),
                  shader->getInfoDebugLog());
+        LOG_INFO(Render_Vulkan, "Shader Source:\n{}", code);
         return {};
     }
 

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_stream_buffer.cpp

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ StreamBuffer::~StreamBuffer() {
     device.freeMemory(memory);
 }
 
-std::tuple<u8*, u64, bool> StreamBuffer::Map(u64 size, u64 alignment) {
+std::tuple<u8*, u32, bool> StreamBuffer::Map(u32 size, u64 alignment) {
     if (!is_coherent && type == BufferType::Stream) {
         size = Common::AlignUp(size, instance.NonCoherentAtomSize());
     }
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ std::tuple<u8*, u64, bool> StreamBuffer::Map(u64 size, u64 alignment) {
     return std::make_tuple(mapped + offset, offset, invalidate);
 }
 
-void StreamBuffer::Commit(u64 size) {
+void StreamBuffer::Commit(u32 size) {
     if (!is_coherent && type == BufferType::Stream) {
         size = Common::AlignUp(size, instance.NonCoherentAtomSize());
     }
@@ -200,11 +200,10 @@ void StreamBuffer::CreateBuffers(u64 prefered_size) {
     mapped = reinterpret_cast<u8*>(device.mapMemory(memory, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE));
 
     if (instance.HasDebuggingToolAttached()) {
-        Vulkan::SetObjectName(device, buffer, "StreamBuffer({}): {} KiB {}", BufferTypeName(type),
+        SetObjectName(device, buffer, "StreamBuffer({}): {} KiB {}", BufferTypeName(type),
-                              stream_buffer_size / 1024, vk::to_string(mem_type.propertyFlags));
+                      stream_buffer_size / 1024, vk::to_string(mem_type.propertyFlags));
-        Vulkan::SetObjectName(device, memory, "StreamBufferMemory({}): {} Kib {}",
+        SetObjectName(device, memory, "StreamBufferMemory({}): {} Kib {}", BufferTypeName(type),
-                              BufferTypeName(type), stream_buffer_size / 1024,
+                      stream_buffer_size / 1024, vk::to_string(mem_type.propertyFlags));
-                              vk::to_string(mem_type.propertyFlags));
     }
 }
 

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_stream_buffer.h

@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ public:
      * @param size Size to reserve.
      * @returns A pair of a raw memory pointer (with offset added), and the buffer offset
      */
-    std::tuple<u8*, u64, bool> Map(u64 size, u64 alignment);
+    std::tuple<u8*, u32, bool> Map(u32 size, u64 alignment);
 
     /// Ensures that "size" bytes of memory are available to the GPU, potentially recording a copy.
-    void Commit(u64 size);
+    void Commit(u32 size);
 
     vk::Buffer Handle() const noexcept {
         return buffer;
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ private:
     vk::BufferUsageFlags usage{};
     BufferType type;
 
-    u64 offset{};       ///< Buffer iterator.
+    u32 offset{};       ///< Buffer iterator.
-    u64 mapped_size{};  ///< Size reserved for the current copy.
+    u32 mapped_size{};  ///< Size reserved for the current copy.
     bool is_coherent{}; ///< True if the buffer is coherent
 
     std::vector<Watch> current_watches;           ///< Watches recorded in the current iteration.

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_swapchain.cpp

@@ -250,10 +250,8 @@ void Swapchain::RefreshSemaphores() {
 
     if (instance.HasDebuggingToolAttached()) {
         for (u32 i = 0; i < image_count; ++i) {
-            Vulkan::SetObjectName(device, image_acquired[i],
+            SetObjectName(device, image_acquired[i], "Swapchain Semaphore: image_acquired {}", i);
-                                  "Swapchain Semaphore: image_acquired {}", i);
+            SetObjectName(device, present_ready[i], "Swapchain Semaphore: present_ready {}", i);
-            Vulkan::SetObjectName(device, present_ready[i], "Swapchain Semaphore: present_ready {}",
-                                  i);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -265,7 +263,7 @@ void Swapchain::SetupImages() {
 
     if (instance.HasDebuggingToolAttached()) {
         for (u32 i = 0; i < image_count; ++i) {
-            Vulkan::SetObjectName(device, images[i], "Swapchain Image {}", i);
+            SetObjectName(device, images[i], "Swapchain Image {}", i);
         }
     }
 }

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_texture_runtime.cpp

@@ -12,9 +12,8 @@
 #include "video_core/rasterizer_cache/texture_codec.h"
 #include "video_core/rasterizer_cache/utils.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/pica_to_vk.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_descriptor_pool.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_instance.h"
-#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_renderpass_cache.h"
+#include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_render_manager.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_scheduler.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_texture_runtime.h"
 
@@ -207,9 +206,9 @@ Handle MakeHandle(const Instance* instance, u32 width, u32 height, u32 levels, T
     vk::UniqueImageView image_view = instance->GetDevice().createImageViewUnique(view_info);
 
     if (!debug_name.empty() && instance->HasDebuggingToolAttached()) {
-        Vulkan::SetObjectName(instance->GetDevice(), image, debug_name);
+        SetObjectName(instance->GetDevice(), image, debug_name);
-        Vulkan::SetObjectName(instance->GetDevice(), image_view.get(), "{} View({})", debug_name,
+        SetObjectName(instance->GetDevice(), image_view.get(), "{} View({})", debug_name,
-                              vk::to_string(aspect));
+                      vk::to_string(aspect));
     }
 
     return Handle{
@@ -249,10 +248,10 @@ constexpr u64 DOWNLOAD_BUFFER_SIZE = 16_MiB;
 } // Anonymous namespace
 
 TextureRuntime::TextureRuntime(const Instance& instance, Scheduler& scheduler,
-                               RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache, DescriptorPool& pool,
+                               RenderManager& renderpass_cache, DescriptorUpdateQueue& update_queue,
-                               DescriptorSetProvider& texture_provider_, u32 num_swapchain_images_)
+                               u32 num_swapchain_images_)
     : instance{instance}, scheduler{scheduler}, renderpass_cache{renderpass_cache},
-      texture_provider{texture_provider_}, blit_helper{instance, scheduler, pool, renderpass_cache},
+      blit_helper{instance, scheduler, renderpass_cache, update_queue},
       upload_buffer{instance, scheduler, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, UPLOAD_BUFFER_SIZE,
                     BufferType::Upload},
       download_buffer{instance, scheduler,
@@ -268,7 +267,7 @@ VideoCore::StagingData TextureRuntime::FindStaging(u32 size, bool upload) {
     const auto [data, offset, invalidate] = buffer.Map(size, 16);
     return VideoCore::StagingData{
         .size = size,
-        .offset = static_cast<u32>(offset),
+        .offset = offset,
         .mapped = std::span{data, size},
     };
 }
@@ -453,7 +452,7 @@ void TextureRuntime::ClearTextureWithRenderpass(Surface& surface,
 }
 
 bool TextureRuntime::CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
-                                  const VideoCore::TextureCopy& copy) {
+                                  std::span<const VideoCore::TextureCopy> copies) {
     renderpass_cache.EndRendering();
 
     const RecordParams params = {
@@ -466,8 +465,9 @@ bool TextureRuntime::CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
         .dst_image = dest.Image(),
     };
 
-    scheduler.Record([params, copy](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
+    boost::container::small_vector<vk::ImageCopy, 2> vk_copies;
-        const vk::ImageCopy image_copy = {
+    std::ranges::transform(copies, std::back_inserter(vk_copies), [&](const auto& copy) {
+        return vk::ImageCopy{
             .srcSubresource{
                 .aspectMask = params.aspect,
                 .mipLevel = copy.src_level,
@@ -486,7 +486,9 @@ bool TextureRuntime::CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
                           0},
             .extent = {copy.extent.width, copy.extent.height, 1},
         };
+    });
 
+    scheduler.Record([params, copies = std::move(vk_copies)](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
         const bool self_copy = params.src_image == params.dst_image;
         const vk::ImageLayout new_src_layout =
             self_copy ? vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral : vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal;
@@ -502,7 +504,7 @@ bool TextureRuntime::CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
                 .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
                 .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
                 .image = params.src_image,
-                .subresourceRange = MakeSubresourceRange(params.aspect, copy.src_level),
+                .subresourceRange = MakeSubresourceRange(params.aspect, 0, VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS),
             },
             vk::ImageMemoryBarrier{
                 .srcAccessMask = params.dst_access,
@@ -512,7 +514,7 @@ bool TextureRuntime::CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
                 .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
                 .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
                 .image = params.dst_image,
-                .subresourceRange = MakeSubresourceRange(params.aspect, copy.dst_level),
+                .subresourceRange = MakeSubresourceRange(params.aspect, 0, VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS),
             },
         };
         const std::array post_barriers = {
@@ -524,7 +526,7 @@ bool TextureRuntime::CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
                 .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
                 .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
                 .image = params.src_image,
-                .subresourceRange = MakeSubresourceRange(params.aspect, copy.src_level),
+                .subresourceRange = MakeSubresourceRange(params.aspect, 0, VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS),
             },
             vk::ImageMemoryBarrier{
                 .srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite,
@@ -534,7 +536,7 @@ bool TextureRuntime::CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
                 .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
                 .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
                 .image = params.dst_image,
-                .subresourceRange = MakeSubresourceRange(params.aspect, copy.dst_level),
+                .subresourceRange = MakeSubresourceRange(params.aspect, 0, VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS),
             },
         };
 
@@ -542,7 +544,7 @@ bool TextureRuntime::CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
                                vk::DependencyFlagBits::eByRegion, {}, {}, pre_barriers);
 
         cmdbuf.copyImage(params.src_image, new_src_layout, params.dst_image, new_dst_layout,
-                         image_copy);
+                         copies);
 
         cmdbuf.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, params.pipeline_flags,
                                vk::DependencyFlagBits::eByRegion, {}, {}, post_barriers);
@@ -694,13 +696,6 @@ bool TextureRuntime::NeedsConversion(VideoCore::PixelFormat format) const {
            traits.aspect != (vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth | vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eStencil);
 }
 
-void TextureRuntime::FreeDescriptorSetsWithImage(vk::ImageView image_view) {
-    texture_provider.FreeWithImage(image_view);
-    blit_helper.compute_provider.FreeWithImage(image_view);
-    blit_helper.compute_buffer_provider.FreeWithImage(image_view);
-    blit_helper.two_textures_provider.FreeWithImage(image_view);
-}
-
 Surface::Surface(TextureRuntime& runtime_, const VideoCore::SurfaceParams& params)
     : SurfaceBase{params}, runtime{&runtime_}, instance{&runtime_.GetInstance()},
       scheduler{&runtime_.GetScheduler()}, traits{instance->GetTraits(pixel_format)} {
@@ -798,9 +793,6 @@ Surface::~Surface() {
         return;
     }
     for (const auto& [alloc, image, image_view] : handles) {
-        if (image_view) {
-            runtime->FreeDescriptorSetsWithImage(*image_view);
-        }
         if (image) {
             vmaDestroyImage(instance->GetAllocator(), image, alloc);
         }
@@ -902,7 +894,7 @@ void Surface::UploadCustom(const VideoCore::Material* material, u32 level) {
     const Common::Rectangle rect{0U, height, width, 0U};
 
     const auto upload = [&](u32 index, VideoCore::CustomTexture* texture) {
-        const u64 custom_size = texture->data.size();
+        const u32 custom_size = static_cast<u32>(texture->data.size());
         const RecordParams params = {
             .aspect = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
             .pipeline_flags = PipelineStageFlags(),
@@ -1088,7 +1080,7 @@ void Surface::ScaleUp(u32 new_scale) {
                                    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe,
                                    vk::DependencyFlagBits::eByRegion, {}, {}, barriers);
         });
-    LOG_INFO(HW_GPU, "Surface scale up!");
+
     for (u32 level = 0; level < levels; level++) {
         const VideoCore::TextureBlit blit = {
             .src_level = level,
@@ -1514,7 +1506,7 @@ Sampler::Sampler(TextureRuntime& runtime, const VideoCore::SamplerParams& params
         instance.IsCustomBorderColorSupported() && (params.wrap_s == TextureConfig::ClampToBorder ||
                                                     params.wrap_t == TextureConfig::ClampToBorder);
 
-    const Common::Vec4f color = PicaToVK::ColorRGBA8(params.border_color);
+    const auto color = PicaToVK::ColorRGBA8(params.border_color);
     const vk::SamplerCustomBorderColorCreateInfoEXT border_color_info = {
         .customBorderColor = MakeClearColorValue(color),
         .format = vk::Format::eUndefined,

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_texture_runtime.h

@@ -22,10 +22,9 @@ struct Material;
 namespace Vulkan {
 
 class Instance;
-class RenderpassCache;
+class RenderManager;
-class DescriptorPool;
-class DescriptorSetProvider;
 class Surface;
+class DescriptorUpdateQueue;
 
 struct Handle {
     VmaAllocation alloc;
@@ -42,8 +41,8 @@ class TextureRuntime {
 
 public:
     explicit TextureRuntime(const Instance& instance, Scheduler& scheduler,
-                            RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache, DescriptorPool& pool,
+                            RenderManager& renderpass_cache, DescriptorUpdateQueue& update_queue,
-                            DescriptorSetProvider& texture_provider, u32 num_swapchain_images);
+                            u32 num_swapchain_images);
     ~TextureRuntime();
 
     const Instance& GetInstance() const {
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ public:
         return scheduler;
     }
 
-    RenderpassCache& GetRenderpassCache() {
+    RenderManager& GetRenderpassCache() {
         return renderpass_cache;
     }
 
@@ -74,7 +73,12 @@ public:
     bool ClearTexture(Surface& surface, const VideoCore::TextureClear& clear);
 
     /// Copies a rectangle of src_tex to another rectange of dst_rect
-    bool CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest, const VideoCore::TextureCopy& copy);
+    bool CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest,
+                      std::span<const VideoCore::TextureCopy> copies);
+
+    bool CopyTextures(Surface& source, Surface& dest, const VideoCore::TextureCopy& copy) {
+        return CopyTextures(source, dest, std::array{copy});
+    }
 
     /// Blits a rectangle of src_tex to another rectange of dst_rect
     bool BlitTextures(Surface& surface, Surface& dest, const VideoCore::TextureBlit& blit);
@@ -85,9 +89,6 @@ public:
     /// Returns true if the provided pixel format needs convertion
     bool NeedsConversion(VideoCore::PixelFormat format) const;
 
-    /// Removes any descriptor sets that contain the provided image view.
-    void FreeDescriptorSetsWithImage(vk::ImageView image_view);
-
 private:
     /// Clears a partial texture rect using a clear rectangle
     void ClearTextureWithRenderpass(Surface& surface, const VideoCore::TextureClear& clear);
@@ -95,8 +96,7 @@ private:
 private:
     const Instance& instance;
     Scheduler& scheduler;
-    RenderpassCache& renderpass_cache;
+    RenderManager& renderpass_cache;
-    DescriptorSetProvider& texture_provider;
     BlitHelper blit_helper;
     StreamBuffer upload_buffer;
     StreamBuffer download_buffer;

src/video_core/shader/generator/glsl_fs_shader_gen.cpp

@@ -106,7 +106,11 @@ FragmentModule::FragmentModule(const FSConfig& config_, const Profile& profile_)
     out.reserve(RESERVE_SIZE);
     DefineExtensions();
     DefineInterface();
-    DefineBindings();
+    if (profile.is_vulkan) {
+        DefineBindingsVK();
+    } else {
+        DefineBindingsGL();
+    }
     DefineHelpers();
     DefineShadowHelpers();
     DefineLightingHelpers();
@@ -1272,7 +1276,43 @@ void FragmentModule::DefineInterface() {
     out += "layout (location = 0) out vec4 color;\n\n";
 }
 
-void FragmentModule::DefineBindings() {
+void FragmentModule::DefineBindingsVK() {
+    // Uniform and texture buffers
+    out += FSUniformBlockDef;
+    out += "layout(set = 0, binding = 3) uniform samplerBuffer texture_buffer_lut_lf;\n";
+    out += "layout(set = 0, binding = 4) uniform samplerBuffer texture_buffer_lut_rg;\n";
+    out += "layout(set = 0, binding = 5) uniform samplerBuffer texture_buffer_lut_rgba;\n\n";
+
+    // Texture samplers
+    const auto texture_type = config.texture.texture0_type.Value();
+    const auto sampler_tex0 = [&] {
+        switch (texture_type) {
+        case TextureType::Shadow2D:
+        case TextureType::ShadowCube:
+            return "usampler2D";
+        case TextureType::TextureCube:
+            return "samplerCube";
+        default:
+            return "sampler2D";
+        }
+    }();
+    for (u32 i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        const auto sampler = i == 0 ? sampler_tex0 : "sampler2D";
+        const auto num_descriptors = i == 0 && texture_type == TextureType::ShadowCube ? "[6]" : "";
+        out += fmt::format("layout(set = 1, binding = {0}) uniform {1} tex{0}{2};\n", i, sampler,
+                           num_descriptors);
+    }
+
+    // Utility textures
+    if (config.framebuffer.shadow_rendering) {
+        out += "layout(set = 2, binding = 0, r32ui) uniform uimage2D shadow_buffer;\n\n";
+    }
+    if (config.user.use_custom_normal) {
+        out += "layout(set = 2, binding = 1) uniform sampler2D tex_normal;\n";
+    }
+}
+
+void FragmentModule::DefineBindingsGL() {
     // Uniform and texture buffers
     out += FSUniformBlockDef;
     out += "layout(binding = 3) uniform samplerBuffer texture_buffer_lut_lf;\n";
@@ -1280,33 +1320,32 @@ void FragmentModule::DefineBindings() {
     out += "layout(binding = 5) uniform samplerBuffer texture_buffer_lut_rgba;\n\n";
 
     // Texture samplers
-    const auto texunit_set = profile.is_vulkan ? "set = 1, " : "";
     const auto texture_type = config.texture.texture0_type.Value();
     for (u32 i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
         const auto sampler =
             i == 0 && texture_type == TextureType::TextureCube ? "samplerCube" : "sampler2D";
-        out +=
+        out += fmt::format("layout(binding = {0}) uniform {1} tex{0};\n", i, sampler);
-            fmt::format("layout({0}binding = {1}) uniform {2} tex{1};\n", texunit_set, i, sampler);
     }
 
-    if (config.user.use_custom_normal && !profile.is_vulkan) {
+    // Utility textures
+    if (config.user.use_custom_normal) {
         out += "layout(binding = 6) uniform sampler2D tex_normal;\n";
     }
-    if (use_blend_fallback && !profile.is_vulkan) {
+    if (use_blend_fallback) {
         out += "layout(location = 7) uniform sampler2D tex_color;\n";
     }
 
-    // Storage images
+    // Shadow textures
-    static constexpr std::array postfixes = {"px", "nx", "py", "ny", "pz", "nz"};
+    if (texture_type == TextureType::Shadow2D || texture_type == TextureType::ShadowCube) {
-    const auto shadow_set = profile.is_vulkan ? "set = 2, " : "";
+        static constexpr std::array postfixes = {"px", "nx", "py", "ny", "pz", "nz"};
-    for (u32 i = 0; i < postfixes.size(); i++) {
+        for (u32 i = 0; i < postfixes.size(); i++) {
-        out += fmt::format(
+            out += fmt::format(
-            "layout({}binding = {}, r32ui) uniform readonly uimage2D shadow_texture_{};\n",
+                "layout(binding = {}, r32ui) uniform readonly uimage2D shadow_texture_{};\n", i,
-            shadow_set, i, postfixes[i]);
+                postfixes[i]);
+        }
     }
     if (config.framebuffer.shadow_rendering) {
-        out += fmt::format("layout({}binding = 6, r32ui) uniform uimage2D shadow_buffer;\n\n",
+        out += "layout(binding = 6, r32ui) uniform uimage2D shadow_buffer;\n\n";
-                           shadow_set);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1414,19 +1453,48 @@ float mix2(vec4 s, vec2 a) {
 )";
 
         if (config.texture.texture0_type == TexturingRegs::TextureConfig::Shadow2D) {
-            out += R"(
+            if (profile.is_vulkan) {
+                out += R"(
 float SampleShadow2D(ivec2 uv, uint z) {
-    if (any(bvec4( lessThan(uv, ivec2(0)), greaterThanEqual(uv, imageSize(shadow_texture_px)) )))
+    if (any(bvec4(lessThan(uv, ivec2(0)), greaterThanEqual(uv, textureSize(tex0, 0)))))
+        return 1.0;
+    return CompareShadow(texelFetch(tex0, uv, 0).x, z);
+}
+
+vec4 shadowTexture(vec2 uv, float w) {
+)";
+                if (!config.texture.shadow_texture_orthographic) {
+                    out += "uv /= w;";
+                }
+                out += R"(
+    uint z = uint(max(0, int(min(abs(w), 1.0) * float(0xFFFFFF)) - shadow_texture_bias));
+    vec2 coord = vec2(textureSize(tex0, 0)) * uv - vec2(0.5);
+    vec2 coord_floor = floor(coord);
+    vec2 f = coord - coord_floor;
+    ivec2 i = ivec2(coord_floor);
+    vec4 s = vec4(
+        SampleShadow2D(i              , z),
+        SampleShadow2D(i + ivec2(1, 0), z),
+        SampleShadow2D(i + ivec2(0, 1), z),
+        SampleShadow2D(i + ivec2(1, 1), z));
+    return vec4(mix2(s, f));
+}
+)";
+
+            } else {
+                out += R"(
+float SampleShadow2D(ivec2 uv, uint z) {
+    if (any(bvec4(lessThan(uv, ivec2(0)), greaterThanEqual(uv, imageSize(shadow_texture_px)))))
         return 1.0;
     return CompareShadow(imageLoad(shadow_texture_px, uv).x, z);
 }
 
 vec4 shadowTexture(vec2 uv, float w) {
 )";
-            if (!config.texture.shadow_texture_orthographic) {
+                if (!config.texture.shadow_texture_orthographic) {
-                out += "uv /= w;";
+                    out += "uv /= w;";
-            }
+                }
-            out += R"(
+                out += R"(
     uint z = uint(max(0, int(min(abs(w), 1.0) * float(0xFFFFFF)) - shadow_texture_bias));
     vec2 coord = vec2(imageSize(shadow_texture_px)) * uv - vec2(0.5);
     vec2 coord_floor = floor(coord);
@@ -1440,8 +1508,75 @@ vec4 shadowTexture(vec2 uv, float w) {
     return vec4(mix2(s, f));
 }
 )";
+            }
         } else if (config.texture.texture0_type == TexturingRegs::TextureConfig::ShadowCube) {
-            out += R"(
+            if (profile.is_vulkan) {
+                out += R"(
+uvec4 SampleShadowCube(int face, ivec2 i00, ivec2 i10, ivec2 i01, ivec2 i11) {
+    return uvec4(
+        texelFetch(tex0[face], i00, 0).r,
+        texelFetch(tex0[face], i10, 0).r,
+        texelFetch(tex0[face], i01, 0).r,
+        texelFetch(tex0[face], i11, 0).r);
+}
+
+vec4 shadowTextureCube(vec2 uv, float w) {
+    ivec2 size = textureSize(tex0[0], 0);
+    vec3 c = vec3(uv, w);
+    vec3 a = abs(c);
+    if (a.x > a.y && a.x > a.z) {
+        w = a.x;
+        uv = -c.zy;
+        if (c.x < 0.0) uv.x = -uv.x;
+    } else if (a.y > a.z) {
+        w = a.y;
+        uv = c.xz;
+        if (c.y < 0.0) uv.y = -uv.y;
+    } else {
+        w = a.z;
+        uv = -c.xy;
+        if (c.z > 0.0) uv.x = -uv.x;
+    }
+    uint z = uint(max(0, int(min(w, 1.0) * float(0xFFFFFF)) - shadow_texture_bias));
+    vec2 coord = vec2(size) * (uv / w * vec2(0.5) + vec2(0.5)) - vec2(0.5);
+    vec2 coord_floor = floor(coord);
+    vec2 f = coord - coord_floor;
+    ivec2 i00 = ivec2(coord_floor);
+    ivec2 i10 = i00 + ivec2(1, 0);
+    ivec2 i01 = i00 + ivec2(0, 1);
+    ivec2 i11 = i00 + ivec2(1, 1);
+    ivec2 cmin = ivec2(0), cmax = size - ivec2(1, 1);
+    i00 = clamp(i00, cmin, cmax);
+    i10 = clamp(i10, cmin, cmax);
+    i01 = clamp(i01, cmin, cmax);
+    i11 = clamp(i11, cmin, cmax);
+    uvec4 pixels;
+    if (a.x > a.y && a.x > a.z) {
+        if (c.x > 0.0)
+            pixels = SampleShadowCube(0, i00, i10, i01, i11);
+        else
+            pixels = SampleShadowCube(1, i00, i10, i01, i11);
+    } else if (a.y > a.z) {
+        if (c.y > 0.0)
+            pixels = SampleShadowCube(2, i00, i10, i01, i11);
+        else
+            pixels = SampleShadowCube(3, i00, i10, i01, i11);
+    } else {
+        if (c.z > 0.0)
+            pixels = SampleShadowCube(4, i00, i10, i01, i11);
+        else
+            pixels = SampleShadowCube(5, i00, i10, i01, i11);
+    }
+    vec4 s = vec4(
+        CompareShadow(pixels.x, z),
+        CompareShadow(pixels.y, z),
+        CompareShadow(pixels.z, z),
+        CompareShadow(pixels.w, z));
+    return vec4(mix2(s, f));
+}
+    )";
+            } else {
+                out += R"(
 vec4 shadowTextureCube(vec2 uv, float w) {
     ivec2 size = imageSize(shadow_texture_px);
     vec3 c = vec3(uv, w);
@@ -1523,6 +1658,7 @@ vec4 shadowTextureCube(vec2 uv, float w) {
     return vec4(mix2(s, f));
 }
     )";
+            }
         }
     }
 }

src/video_core/shader/generator/glsl_fs_shader_gen.h

@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@ private:
 
     void DefineExtensions();
     void DefineInterface();
-    void DefineBindings();
+    void DefineBindingsVK();
+    void DefineBindingsGL();
     void DefineHelpers();
     void DefineLightingHelpers();
     void DefineShadowHelpers();